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RUFUS AKINRINLOLA
INTEGRATED PLANT DISEASES MANAGEMENT
For
GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE
PHYTOPHTHORA SOYBEAN ROOT AND STEM ROT
FUSARIUM (WHEAT) HEAD BLIGHT
GRAPEVINE
PIERCE’S
DISEASE
Xylella fastidiosa survives winter and multiplies primarily in guts of vector insects and/or in the xylem vessels of their reservoir hosts and to the least extent in infected grape vines
Nymphs and adults Leafhoppers and froghoppers can initiate secondary infection within vineyard orchard as they move from infected to uninfected susceptible vine trees.
Bacterium multiplies and clogs the xylem vessels, blocking water flow from the roots to the leaves
Leaf scotch develops on infected vine
Adults leafhoppers and sharpshooter pick ups X. fastidiosa from their survival source and transfer onto the xylem vessel of healthy susceptible vine (Primary infection).
Winter
Summer
Fall
Spring
DISEASE CYCLE OF XYLELLA
FASTIDIOSA Causing Pierce disease
(PD) of Grapevine (Vitis spp)
Rufus AkinrinlolaPLPT 802
Nymphs vectors lose bacterium cell during molting
Bacterium multiplies and remain persistent in adult vector
GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE MANAGEMENT Integrated systems practices
Cultural Quarantine Site vineyard away from woods Move vineyard regularly Remove symptomatic vines Creates barrier between vineyards and
nearby vegetation Heat treatments (45C for 3hrs)
Chemical Not applicable
to the pathogen Control vectors
population
Biocontrol:
Avirulent Xylella fastidiosa
GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Avirulent Xylella fastidiosa strain EB92-1
Host resistant varietiesBlanc Du Bois Black Spanish/ Lenoir Victoria Red
Cross: FloridaD6-148 X Cardinal, 1968.
John Mortenson UNIflorida, 1988 PD- Resistant
Native to Texas Highest quality red wine PD- tolerant
Cross: Ark1123 X Exotic 1971 Breeding prog:
Uniarkansas, PD- tolerant
PD- R
esis
tant
PD- T
oler
ant
PD- T
oler
ant
GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE MANAGEMENT Biocontrol agent Resistant varieties Insecticides
Avirulent Xylella fastidiosa strain EB92-1
MOA:
Cross protection
PD- resistant
Blanc du bois
PD- tolerant
Black Spanish Victoria red
MOA: Neurotoxin
PHYTOPHTHORA
SOYBEAN
ROOT AND STEM
ROT
Spring Under favorable wet high moisture and warm temperature conditions oospores germinate and form mycelia
Mycelia produce sporangia which releases zoospores
DISEASE CYCLE PHYTOPHTHORA SOJAECausing the Phytophthora root and stem rot
(PRSR) of Soybean (Glycine max).
Rufus Akinrinlola PLPT 802
Dead infected plants residues remain in the soil and overwinter for the next growing season
Wind and rain splash spread sporangia and other infective propagules from infected plant to initiate secondary infection in uninfected susceptible host
Secondary inoculum source
Summer
Fall
Oospores overwinter in soil and debris during hatch conditions
Oogonium form by sexual crossing of hypha and produces the survival oospores in the soil
Winter
Zoospores swim towards root exudates of young soybean root tips initiating primary infection
Attachment, encystment and penetration on zoospores into root surface induce root rot and hyphal colonization of the stem induces stem rot
Hyphal tips of Mycelia can also colonize root tips and induce infection
25 - 30°COptimum temperature
PHYTOPHTHORA SOYBEAN ROOT AND STEM ROT
Integrated management practices
Host resistant Best control methods
Cultural Good drainage Proper crop rotation Deep tillage practices
Chemical Seed treatment
• seed treatment protects the seedlings prior to emergence of resistance
Fungicides: Chloroneb Fludioxonil Mefenoxam Metalaxyl (NC state university)
Host resistant types R- gene mediated
rest. Root resistance Partial resistance
Dorrance, 2007;2009
FUSARIUM
(WHEAT)
HEAD BLIGHT
Conidia
Perithecia
Ove
rwin
terin
g sp
ores
Mycotoxins in FDK seeds
DISEASE CYCLE OF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM
Sexual spore
Macroconidia
SPRI
NG
Winter
Summer
Fall
20-
25°C
Humidity > 80%
Optimum Moisture 0.2-2.5
1°Inoculum spread by wind and rainsplash
Seedborne infection
FUSARIUM (WHEAT) HEAD BLIGHTIntegrated management practices
Fungicides
Metconazole
Tebuconazole
MOA: Demethylation inhibitor
IPM Use resistant cultivars practice proper rotation Deep soil tillage Early sowing
Fungicide application at flowering
Type I: resistance to initial infection
Type II: Resistant to pathogen spread
Type III: Resistant to kernel infection
Type IV: FHB tolerant
Type V: Toxin biodegradation
Gilbert, & Tekauz, 2000.
Host resistance
FUSARIUM (WHEAT) HEAD BLIGHT
Sumai from China Ning derivatives: china Nobeoka Bozu from
Japan
Frontana from brazil Cvs praag8 from
Europe Novokrumka : Europe
Resistant varieties Fungicides products
• Metconazole
• Tebuconazole Spring wheat
WINTER WHEAT
Gilbert, & Tekauz, 2000
References • Bai, G., & Shaner, G. (2004). Management and resistance in wheat and barley to Fusarium head blight 1. Annu.
Rev. Phytopathol., 42, 135-161.
• Champeil, A., Dore, T., & Fourbet, J. F. (2004). Fusarium head blight: epidemiological origin of the effects of cultural practices on head blight attacks and the production of mycotoxins by Fusarium in wheat grains. Plant science, 166(6), 1389-1415.
• Dorrance, A. E., Robertson, A. E., Cianzo, S., Giesler, L. J., Grau, C. R., Draper, M. A., ... & Anderson, T. R. (2009). Integrated management strategies for Phytophthora sojae combining host resistance and seed treatments. Plant Disease, 93(9), 875-882.
• Dorrance, A. E., Mills, D., Robertson, A. E., Draper, M. A., Giesler, L., & Tenuta, A. (2007). Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean. The Plant Health Instructor, 1.
• Gray, D. J., & Klein, C. M. (1989). In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of'Blanc du Bois' grape. In Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc (Vol. 102, pp. 221-223).
• Gilbert, J., & Tekauz, A. (2000). Review: recent developments in research on Fusarium head blight of wheat in Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 22(1), 1-8.
• Fernandez, M. R., Selles, F., Gehl, D., DePauw, R. M., & Zentner, R. P. (2005). Crop production factors associated with Fusarium head blight in spring wheat in eastern Saskatchewan. Crop Science, 45(5), 1908-1916.
