International Journal of

Environmental Planning

and DevelopmentIJEPD

Jul–Dec 2016

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

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« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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Ankita Singh

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Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Sutapa DasDepartment of Architecture, Indian Institute of

Technology Kharagpur, India

Dr. Prakash Vinayak DurgeDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of

Engineering & Tecnology Akola, India

Dr. Adesoji David Jiboye Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo

University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Dr. Rajindra Kumar PanditDepartment of Architecture, Madhav Institute

of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India

Dr. Kailash M. Rao Department of Architecture, Manipal University,

India

Dr. Yogesh K. Garg Maulana Azad National Institute of

Technology, Bhopal, India

Dr. Mohd Fairuz Shahidan University Putra Malaysia,

Malaysia

Dr. Tim TseDepartment of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

Dr. V. SubbiahHindustan University, India

Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Mukharjee Department of Civil Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology

(VSSUT), Burla, India

Kerstin Frick Hindustan University, India

Dr. Jagdish Singh Maulana Azad National Institute of

Technology, Bhopal, India

Dr. Ajay Bharti North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and

Technology, India

Dr. M. V. Molykutty B.S.Abdur Rahman University,

India

Dr. sohail Ayub Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (Uttar

Prdesh), India

Dr. B.S. Bhooshan,BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore BSB

Architects, Bangalore and Mysore, India

Ms Sharmin Khan,Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture,

Z.H.C.E.T., AMU, Aligarh, India

Fazli Farhan Mohammad Fazli, Aligarh Muslim University (A Central

Government Institution) India

Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar,

India

Mr. Joystu DuttaAssistant Professor, Dept. of Environmental

Sciences, Sarguja University, Ambikapur

Nancy JainDepartment of Civil Engineering, ITMGOI,

Gwalior, MP

Dr. Ashwani KumarMalaviya National Institute of Technology

Jaipur,India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development. This journal

is part of the Architecture, and is devoted to the scope of present Architecture issues, from

theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Environmental Planning as

an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and

technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Architectural community, addressing

researchers and practitioners in this area.

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Development in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their

papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development focuses on original high-quality

research in the realm of Mitigation and preventive measures, Techniques of measurement of water, soil, air

and noise pollution, Auditing and risk assessment, Environmental design, Eco-sufficiency etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Architecture

and Infrastructure Planning and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Environmental

Planning community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of

creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting

new developments in the field of Environmental Planning and Development.

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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Architectural readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Environmental Planning and Development.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Estimation of Source Strength of Air Pollutants for Point, Line, and Area Sources Akshey Bhargava, Sugandha Rastogi 1

2. A Review of Environment Responsive Consumer Durables and Study of India's Challenge and Perspective Towards Manufacturing and Consuming Abhinav Gupta 11

3. Benefits of Decentralized System of Wastewater Management in Context to Indian Urban CentresGagan Kumar Tanwar 16

4. Study and Analysis of Bioaerosols for Environment and Living BeingsSonal Jain 21

5. Technological Options for the Control of Industrial Air Pollution – Special Reference to Ventury ScrubberAkshey Bhargava, Prachi Bhajipale 42

Contents

IJEPD (2016) 1-10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Estimation of Source Strength of Air Pollutants for Point, Line, and Area Sources

Akshey Bhargava1, Sugandha Rastogi2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2Environmental Studies and Resource Management, TERI University, Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Source strength of air pollutant release from point, line and area sources is very important as an input to Air dispersion models used for different category of sources. Such a source strength is worked out based on amount of fuel consumption, raw materials, emission factors, actual monitored observations of air pollutant emissions. The more precise is source strength of air pollutants, more compatible will be the predicted concentration of air pollutants on receptor locations using well established air dispersion models since these models help in understanding the relationship between the magnitudes of emissions at source with the concentrations at different receptor points at ground level. Keywords: air dispersion models, air pollutants, source strength INTRODUCTION Source strength is very important for any air dispersion model to predict reproducible results with least degree of variation. Its estimation should therefore be highly precise and accurate under all operating conditions. The units for source strengths are different for line, point and area sources. There are as under: Sources Units

Point sources g/second

Line sources g/m. second

Area sources g/sq.meter.second

(A) Estimation of source strength from point sources: The source strengths from point sources can be estimated with the use of following three criteria's[1–3]:

(1) Based on volumetric concentration of pollutants (mg/Nm3)

(2) Based on composition of combustible fuel.

(3) Based on Emission factors of industry specific

1. Based on volumetric concentrations

(mg/Nm3) In this case, the concentrations of pollutants are to be monitored at the site under all operating conditions and with full capacity of the plant. Preferable, hourly or 3 hourly monitoring over a span of 24 hours should be done including the monitory during start-up period. The maximum concentration observed should be considered for the air dispersion model as an input. Following formula may be used for estimation of source strength: S = C × V × 10–3 g/s where S is the source strength in g/s, C the volumetric concentration of pollutant in

IJEPD (2016) 11–15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11

International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Review of Environment Responsive Consumer Durables and Study of India’s Challenge and Perspective Towards

Manufacturing and Consuming

Abhinav Gupta* SRM University, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

Consumer durables are a category of consumable products that do not have to be purchased frequently because they are made to last for long time (Normally more than three or four years).They are also called durable goods/items or durables. Consumer goods are often divided into two categories: durables and nondurables. When we talk about todays’ era green manufacturing is becoming competitive strategy. The transformation journey to Green manufacturing has just started. While there are a few early adopters, the industry at large needs to develop comprehensive plans to address all three areas – Green energy, Green products and Green processes. The Government has to play an effective facilitator role in this transformation with both stronger incentives on one hand and regulatory mechanisms on the other. The industry associations can bring the different stakeholders together and support the rollout of a communication strategy.

Keywords: consumer durables, green products INTRODUCTION Consumer durables are a category of consumable products that do not have to be purchased frequently because they are made to last for long time (normally more than three or four years). They are also called durable goods/ items or durables. Consumer goods are often divided into two categories: durables and non-durables.[1–3] “Consumer durables can be broadly categorized into the following 3 heads1: (1) White Goods: White goods mainly

include air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, audio equipments and speakers.

1 http://info.shine.com/industry/consumer-durables/21.html

(2) Brown Goods: This kind of consumer durables mostly include kitchen appliances like chimneys, electric fans, grinders, iron, microwave ovens, mixers and varied other cooking ranges.

(3) Consumer Electronics: Some of the mostly used consumer electronic goods are DVD players, MP3 players, mobile telephones, telephones, VCD players, etc.”

INDIAN INDUSTRY India’s consumer durables industry is valued at $9.7 billion as of 2015. This sector is expected to grow to $20.6 billion

IJEPD (2016) 16–20 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16

International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Benefits of Decentralized System of Wastewater Management in Context to Indian Urban Centres

Gagan Kumar Tanwar*

Department of Architecture and Planning, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT

As we all know, sources of freshwater are critical now-a-days in many of the urban centres. Most of the metropolitan cities in India are having high water scarcity and high potential of growth. In addition to water demand problem, rivers are being polluted with the dumping of untreated water in it and regular extraction of groundwater is lowering the groundwater level of cities. One of the potential and important solutions for this problem of water shortage is reducing the water demand through use of recycled water. Decentralized system of wastewater treatment can provide high quality, recycled water on site. In this paper, we have analysed the different aspects of decentralized system of wastewater management and figured out the suitability for decentralized system of wastewater treatment. Additionally, the life cycle global warming impacts of both the systems i.e. centralized and decentralized systems, including sewage collection have been analysed to comprehensively evaluate their impacts. This paper will tell the economic and environmental benefits of optimising the size of decentralized system of wastewater management and have come to plan for wastewater layout of city with the optimisation of decentralized system of wastewater management. With the information and studies done in this paper, we will be able to meet the sustainable design challenges of the future. Keywords: decentralized system, wastewater management, reuse. INTRODUCTION The population of the world is expected to cross nine billion in 2050 or even before 2050. The population living in the urban areas may increase twice and will be double from current population of 3.4 billion to 6.4 billion before 2050 and the population of people living in slums will rise even at faster pace. It is expected that 1.6 billion people will live by the coast 2050. The lack of available infrastructure and management system for the increasing volume of wastewater is the one of the major reason behind the water crises in the world.[1–3]

The use of fresh water in producing our food is 70 to 90% and it much of its water to the environment with contaminants and nutrients in it. The wastewater we produce through domestic as well as industrial contaminates the sources of fresh water and affects the coastal ecosystem. It directly or indirectly affects the food production, need of drinking water and other domestic needs plus it’s an important environmental issue. The data shows that up to 90% of wastewater dumps untreated in natural sources and it contributes to growing marine dead zones, this dead zone already cover about huge area of 2,45,000 km2.

IJEPD (2016) 21-41 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21

International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Study and Analysis of Bioaerosols for Environment and Living Beings

Sonal Jain*

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT

Air particulates associated with biological origins are termed as bioaerosols. These Bioaerosols consist of different species of bacteria, fungi, pollen and spores etc. Airborne bacteria and fungi can be toxigenic, allergenic and infectious. The study was designed to enumerate the bioaerosols concentration and to investigate the influence of pathogenic aeroallergens on respiratory health status of occupants at different land use (commercial, dumping and vegetated zones) configuration at university of Delhi. Study focuses on the presence of pathogenicity of air-borne microbes which gets inhaled in the upper respiratory tract and triggers the exacerbation of COPD. The different prevailing meteorological conditions were also measured to gauge optimum conditions for growth and proliferation of bioaerosols. Keywords: bioaerosols, bio-waste, environmental impact, Gram-staining INTRODUCTION Many areas of the world still suffer from extreme load of air pollution, with annual concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) above 400 µg/m3 in some Chinese and Indian cities in the 1990s (Kabir,2001). According to Solomon 2011 report, air pollution’s effects on health have amassed an impressive literature that documented from several relevant disciplines including toxicology, human exposure assessment, and epidemiology. The time-series approach investigates associations between short-term changes in pollution levels with short-term changes in acute health outcomes, and it has been applied widely to investigate the health effects associated with exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants(bartonova,2010) The United Nations Environment Programme,2002 (UNEP) has estimated that globally 1.1 billion people breathe unhealthy air. Principally, the constituents of air

pollution in different parts of the world are largely similar, but the magnitude of exposure, general health status of the people, nutritional and other disparities and the level of health care facilities are different across the globe. These inherent differences make extrapolation of findings (from one site to another site) more questionable.[1] METHODOLOGY The study has been broadly divided into three parts: Air quality analysis Pulmonary health analysis through

spirometry and swab culture Survey through questionnaire

Study Area: Delhi Delhi is situated in the northern part of India having geographical location 28.58N

IJEPD (2016) 42–51 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 42

International Journal of Environmental Planning and Development Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Technological Options for the Control of Industrial Air Pollution – Special Reference to Ventury Scrubber

Akshey Bhargava1, Prachi Bhajipale2,3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2Environmental Sciences (Human Health & Ecosystems), Brunel University, UK

3Pollution Control Technology, Bharati Vidyapeeth, India

ABSTRACT

Air pollution is assuming significant and rather alarming dimensions particularly in Urban and Industrial areas and as such need to be controlled at the source of air pollution. Industrial air pollution is generally controlled by installing electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, multi cones and cyclones, scrubbers, etc. for particulate matters control and wet Scrubbers of different types, adsorption, oxidation and reduction techniques and so on so forth for the control of gaseous air pollution. Pollution due to suspended particulate matter (SPM) is very common and caused particularly on account of vehicular and industrial emissions. These particulate matters are classified as setlleable, suspended and respirable in nature. An effort has been made in the present research paper by the authors to explain briefly different air pollution control systems with special reference to design of Ventury Scrubber to control air pollutant emissions. Keywords: air pollution, air pollution control equipment, industrial emissions INTRODUCTION The term “Air Pollution” is used to describe substances that are artificially introduced in to the air in the form of gases and airborne particles which, in excess, are harmful to human health, buildings and ecosystems. Air pollution is mainly caused by combustion of fossil fuel, processing of materials and decomposition of organic matters. The main source of air pollution is from industrial activities, transport sector, house hold fuel burning, and other commercial activities. The Authors of the present paper high light source control of air pollutants released from industrial activities. An effort has been made in the present paper to briefly describe control of particulate matter and gases containing air pollution

with main emphasis on design of the Air Pollution Control Systems, the details of which are as under.[1–5] AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS Particulate Matter control There are various air pollution control equipment for the control of dust emissions depending upon particle size, minimum loading, desired efficiency, typical velocity, maximum gas pressure drop, and space requirements. These control equipment’s are dry collectors, as well as, wet collectors depending upon the basic characterization of gas and local conditions. These dry collecting devices are as under:

International Journal of

Environmental Planning

and DevelopmentIJEPD

Jul–Dec 2016

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: info@journalspub.com

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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