BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Lecture 2

Prepared by RaizzaCorpuz

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Branches of Philosophy

Ethics

Politics

Religion

Metaphysics

Logic

Epistemology

Aesthetics

Science

Ethics

Questions:

How should we live?

What is good and evil?

What is the best wayto live?

What is Justice?

Is right and wrong thesame everywhere ordifferent everywhere?

Ethics

A philosophical study on the morality (goodness orbadness) of human actions (conduct)

What should one do?

Descriptive – Sociology

Normative – Prescriptive

Meta ethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?

Ethics is the study of the nature of right

and wrong and good and evil, in terms

both of considerations about the

foundations of morality, and of practical

considerations about the fine details ofmoral conduct.

Epistemology

Explores the natureand limitations ofknowledge

Definition of knowledge

Investigates howknowledge is obtained

Explores the relationshipbetween belief, truth

and knowledge

Epistemology

Questions:

What is knowledge?

How is knowledgeacquired?

How do we know whatwe know?

What is Epistemology?

Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge

• How knowledge relates to truth, belief, and justification.

• The means of production of knowledge

Epistemological Questions

What is knowledge?

How is knowledge acquired?

What do people know?

How do we know what we know?

Is human knowledge trustworthy?

Can our senses be trusted?

Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom

Epistemology is the

study of knowledge

itself. Epistemologists

ask, for instance, what

criteria must be

satisfied for something

we believe to count as

something we know,

and even what it

means for aproposition to be true.

MetaphysicsKnowledge Science

• Explores thefundamental natureof reality and beingOntology

Existence

Objects

Properties

Space and Time

Cause and Effect

Metaphysics

Questions:

What is real?

What is reality?

What is reality like?

METAPHYSICS

Questions:

1. Reality

2. Time

3. Space

4. Presentism

5. Relativistic Concept

Metaphysics is the study of the nature

of things. Metaphysicians ask what

kinds of things exist, and what theyare like.

Politics

Political Philosophy

Explores the relationship between citizens and governments

Liberty

Legal Justice

Property Ownership

Citizen's Rights

System of Law

PoliticsQuestions: How should government be organized?

What makes a government legitimate?

Who decides who the leaders should be?

What laws are good and necessary?

How should law be enforced?

AestheticsSensori-Emotional

Values

Explores the nature of beauty, art, and taste with the creation and appreciation of beauty

Aesthetics

QuestionsWhat is beauty?

What is art?

What is the value of beauty and art?

Who should judge what is beautiful or artistic?

How should art and beauty be judged?

AestheticsDiscussion: • On the left is Marcel

Duchamp's ready-made “sculpture” called “Fountain”. It's a factory-made urinal on a stand.

• Is this “Art”?

• Why / Why not?

• Is it beautiful? Offensive?

• Why?

ReligionPhilosophy of ReligionBranch of philosophy concerned with questions regarding religion

Nature & Existence of God

Theology

Examination of Religious Experience

Analysis of Religious language and texts

Relationship between Religion and Science

ReligionQuestions• Does God exist?

• What is God?

• What is the nature of therelationship between Godand humans?

• Is God active in the world?How?

• Is there life after death?

• What is the relationshipbetween Religion and Ethics?...Religion and Science?

Religion

Pantheism What is God?

God is the Universe and the Universe is God.

There is no distinction between God and the universe (nature).

Some forms of Buddhism are examples of pantheism.

Religion

Panentheism What is God?

God is in the Universe and the Universe is inGod

God is more than the Universe.

God and the Universe are connected but not identical.

THEISM v ATHEISM

• The theist believes in a god or godswhile the atheist denies this belief.

• An agnostic is one who believes thatthere is currently insufficientevidence to determine the existenceof any deity.

somescholars/philosopherswould argue that weare all agnosticsabout everything(epistemology)because we can nevertruly know anything,including our ownexistence.

Philosophy of ScienceScienceConcerned with the

assumptions, foundations, methods and

implications of science.

Empirical VerificationInductive Logic Objectivity of the Observer

Philosophy of ScienceQuestions• What is the natural world?

• How should we studynature?

• What methods are useful inthe study of nature?

• Can science establishNatural Laws which areabsolute (true everywhereand for everyone)?

• What are the limits ofscientific knowledge?

LogicRules for ThinkingThe systematic principles (or rules) for thinking rationally.

Inferences are made by construction of ArgumentsRules of Logic determine which arguments are VALIDand which are FALACIES

Logic is the attempt to

codify the rules of

rational thought.

Logicians explore

the structure of

arguments that

preserve truth or

allow the optimal

extraction of

knowledge fromevidence.

LOGIC

A philosophical study on the correct processes of thinking.

The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from invalid argument

Examination fallacies

Using correct argument patterns

Logic

A philosophical study on the correct

processes of thinking.

The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from invalid

argument

Examination fallacies Using correct argument patterns

Logic,

• from Classical Greek λόγος (logos),means originally the word, or what isspoken, (but comes to mean thought orreason).

• The exact definition of logic is a matter ofcontroversy among philosophers, but It isoften said to be the study of arguments.

• Aristotle holds, exactly onemember of any contradiction istrue and one false: they cannotboth be true, and they cannotboth be false.

• NO T/T or F/F

Just: T/F

Aristotle's analysis of the simplest form of argument: the three-term Syllogism.

• The standard example in philosophy has always been:

• All men are mortal. [Premise1 in theform: All B's are C's.]

• Socrates is a man. [Premise 2 in the

form: (All) A is B.]

• Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

[Conclusion in the form: All A's

are C's.]

E. G

1.) All men are mortal

2.) No gods are mortal

Therefore:

3.) No men are gods.

1.) Everybody likes Fridays2.) Today is FridayTherefore:3.) Everybody likes today

• All B's are A's.

• All C's are B's.

• All C's are A's.

The syllogism has two premises and a conclusion.Each premise is a proposition with a subject termand a predicate term. In the conclusion, thesubject term is C and the predicate term is A.There is also a "middle term" B, which is the termlinking the C's and the A's.

Hence Aristotle regards the middle term as whatprovides the explanation (i.e., B explains why allC's are A's.)

CENTRAL DISCUSSION:What is philosophy of man?

is the study of man, an attempt to investigate man asperson and as existent being in the world; man’sultimate nature.

THANK YOU!!!