EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

IIEARLY

MODERNISM

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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II

Before modern architecture came in to being the

styles that were popular in the 19th century were the

traditional neoclassical architecture in Italy and Beaux-

Arts styles in Paris.

Modern architecture is a term applied to a group of

styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of

the 20th century and became dominant after World War

II.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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It was based upon new technologies of construction,

particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced

concrete.

It was dominant architectural style for institutional and

corporate buildings until 1980s, when it was challenged

by Postmodernism, and then by Neo-modernism and other

schools which gradually supplanted it.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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It was manifested as a series of innovative cultural

movements in the following fields :

Applied arts ,literature, arts, architecture etc.

It was suddenly realized that way to future was not

through past.

Architecture was expressing a command to adapt to the

machine age

MODERNISM CHAMPION HAD THE FOLLOWING IDEAS IN

THEIR MIND :

Mechanization

Adulation of the machine

Standardization

Mass production

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Notable architects important to the history and

development of the modernist movement

included Frank Lloyd Wright,

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,

Le Corbusier,

Walter Gropius,

Konstantin Melnikov,

Erich Mendelsohn,

Joseph Eichler,

Richard Neutra,

Louis Sullivan,

Gerrit Rietveld,

Bruno Taut,

Gunnar Asplund,

Arne Jacobsen,

Oscar Niemeyer

Alvar Aalto.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Evolution of Modern Architecture

• Radical shift in art, literature and philosophy.

• It rejected and challenged anything traditional.

• Searched for new ways to communicate about the

modern world.

• History came to an end.

• Many modernists believed art had replaced

religion as the guiding force to make sense of the

world & others felt that artists must reject the past

and create one’s own sense of logics.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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INFLUENCES

One can apply the label “early modern” to the

following avant-garde movements: Bauhaus,

Constructivism, Dada, De Stijl, Expressionism, Futurism

etc

Members of these groups traveled throughout Europe

and influenced each other.

Many taught at the Bauhaus.

The common thread between all of these movements

was experimentation, dissatisfaction with the past, a

need for radical change in society.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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AVANT-GARDE

The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or

"vanguard", literally "fore-guard")are people or

works that are experimental, radical, or

unorthodox, with respect to art, culture,

and society.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic

innovation and initial unacceptability, and it may

offer a critique of the relationship between

producer and consumer.

The avant-garde is considered by some to be a

hallmark of modernism, as distinct

from postmodernism.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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AVANT GARDE MOVEMENT

CUBISM

PURISM

DADA

EXPRESSIONISM

FUTURISM

DE- STIJLE

FRANCE

HOLLANDSignificant and strong effect on architecture

Inspired the architects to explore the domain of abstract

Evolution of architecture of early 20th century

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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CUBISM (1908-1914)

first abstract art style

multiple view points

angular planes and facets

overlapping and interpenetrating surfaces

CHARACTERISTICS

The style emphasized

the flat surfaces

rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective

foreshortening and modeling

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Pioneers

PICASSO and BRAQUE invented cubism.

Picasso (1881-1973)was a Spanish painter and

sculptor.

He took sculpture approach which lead to creation of

cubism.

Braque (1882-1963) was a French painter.

He saw solid reality of objects.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

II Girl with a Mandolin, oil oncanvas, 100.3 x 73.6 cm,Museum of Modern Art NewYork

Le Grand Nu, oil on canvas,140 × 100 cm, Musée Nationald'Art Moderne, CentrePompidou, Paris

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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FUTURISM (1909-1914)

• Began in Italy in 1909.

• INSPIRED BY :- the speed, technology, cities and

latent violence of the world around them.

CHARACTERISTICS

• Futurist artwork used TYPOGRAPHY AND WRITING as

its own expressive means.

• Futurist use different styles, sizes, weights and

colors around the page.

• They gloried in the beauty of letterforms as a work

of visual art.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Dynamic Hieroglyphicof the Bal Tabarin,Museum of Modern Art,New York

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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PURISM(1918-1925)

• Purism was another movement interested in a kind

of utopian vision of art and the modern world Purism

was comprised of only two artists:

•AMÉDÊE OZENFANT and

• LE CORBUSIER.

•Moreover, they believed that fantasy and

individuality had no place in modern art .

• The machine became the artist’s reference, the

exemplary symbol of their age Architectonic form

most defines their paintings.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Le Corbusier ,1920, Nature morte (StillLife), oil on canvas, 80.9 cm × 99.7 cm(31.9 in × 39.3 in), Museum of ModernArt, New York

Portrait by Le Corbusier

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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DADA (1916-1920)

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the

European avant-garde in the early 20th century.

Its activities included public gatherings,

demonstrations, and publication of art/literary

journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and

culture were topics often discussed in a variety of

media.

It was an informal international movement, with

participants in Europe and North America. The

beginnings of Dada correspond to the outbreak of World

War I.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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CHARACTERISTICS

Dada had only one rule: Never follow any known rule.

It was intended to provoke an emotional reaction from

the viewer (typically shock or outrage).

Abstraction and Expressionism had main influence on

Dada.

The movement primarily involved :

- visual arts

- literature—poetry

- art manifestoes

- art theory—theatre, and graphic design

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Cover of the first editionof thepublication Dada by Tristan Tzara; Zürich, 1917

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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De Stijl (1917-1931) - HOLLAND

De Stijl, a Dutch term meaning “the style” Also

known as Neoplasticism

An artistic movement founded in 1917, shortly

before the Bauhaus movement, by a group of

several Dutch artists.

Sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual

harmony and order.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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They advocated pure abstraction and

universality by a reduction to the essentials of

form and color

They simplified visual compositions to the

vertical and horizontal directions, and used only

primary colors along with black and white.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

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Aubette is a historicalbuilding on PlaceKléber in Strasbourg, France. It was built by Jacques-François Blondel in 1765–1772

The Rietveld SchröderHouse (also known asthe Schröder House)in Utrecht was built in 1924by Dutch architect GerritRietveld for Mrs. TruusSchröder-Schräder and herthree children.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Architectural Philosophies

Desert Modernism

Internationalism

Formalism

Minimalism

Bauhaus Movement

Organic Modernism

Structuralism

Functionalism

Constructivism

Brutalism

Expressionism

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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BAUHAUS MOVEMENT

It started in Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius.

It means house for a building

It rejected elements like cornices, eaves and

decorated details.

Building had cubical shaped flat roofs

The facades were smooth.

Floors were open and furniture was functional.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Aim of teaching at Bauhaus was to bring modern

art and architecture which embraced every aspect

of life.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

II Seagram Building, NewYork, Mein Van and PhilipJohnson

Gropius House at Lincoln, Massachusetts

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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It was a modernist movement, initially

in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at

the beginning of the 20th century.

The artists sought to express the meaning of

emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Characteristics

Distortion of form for an emotional effect.

Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic

expression of inner experience.

An underlying effort at achieving the new,

original, and visionary.

Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as

caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock

formations.

Uses creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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The Sydney Opera House

Einstein

Tower in Potsdam near

Berlin, 1919-22

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Organic Architecture

Organic architecture is

a philosophy of architecture which promotes

harmony between human habitation and the natural

world.

TWA AIRPORT ,NEW

YORK,EERO

SAARINEN,1962

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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FEATURES -Not linear nor rigid geometric forms.

Natural forms created wavy lines and curve shapes.

Forms play a defining role in expressionist

architecture.

Structures are harmonized with nature.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Functionalism

Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that

architects should design a building based on the

purpose of that building.

German school of design Bauhaus was the primary

force in developing functionalism

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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II Villa garches, paris, le corbusier.1959

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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II Yale center for British art, new haven, louis kahn,1974

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Features –utilitarian and interior program determine

the outer form.

Does not influence from tradition symmetry

decoration.

Purpose of the building function activates materials

are related.

It proposed designs without ornamentation and

attribute to pragmatism.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Internationalism

Approach to functionalism, modern aesthetics and

minimalism brought international style.

Features –steel glass are used in building making

them glazy and flashy.

Space enclosed by thin plane rather than mass and

solidity.

Regularity as opposed to symmetry.

Pure geometrical cube forms.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Glass house ,new

canaan,phlipjohnson,1949

Lever house ,New

York, skidmore,

owingd,merril 1952

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Brutalism

Rugged reinforced concrete construction led to

the term brutalism.

It flourished from 1950 to 1970

Features –massive sculptural and repetitive

pattern.

Exposed steel /concrete surface.

Rough unfinished surface.

Precast concrete elements.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

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Brutalism

Rugged reinforced concrete construction led to

the term brutalism.

It flourished from 1950 to 1970

Features –massive sculptural and repetitive

pattern.

Exposed steel /concrete surface.

Rough unfinished surface.

Precast concrete elements.

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

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Minimalism

It is a trend in design and architecture toward

simplicity clean surfaces reduction minimizing

elements to line and planes

Term less is more by meis van advocate this style

Features –emphasis on outline frame of the structure

Building contain only the essential elements

Internal walls are eliminated

Use of lighting to effect the line and planes

Space around the structure are part of the design

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

II

Minimalism

It is a trend in design and architecture toward

simplicity clean surfaces reduction minimizing

elements to line and planes

Term less is more by meis van advocate this style

Features –emphasis on outline frame of the structure

Building contain only the essential elements

Internal walls are eliminated

Use of lighting to effect the line and planes

Space around the structure are part of the design

Home and studio of luis barragan,maxico,1947

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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Desert modernism

Mid 20thcentury modernism adopted to warm

climate led to the desert modernism international

style was varied and adopted to the region by

expensive glass and streamlined styling

Features –linear and rectangular forms

Open floor plans

Expensive glass wall roofline and window overhangs

Landscaping with raw desert elements and cactus

plants

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

LECTURE

IIKauffman house in palm spring California 1946,richard neutr

EARLY MODERNISM

Ar. Hena TiwariGCAD, Jan-July 2017

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MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS :

LE CORBUSIER

-MIES VAN DER ROHE

WALTER GROPIUS

BUILDINGS:

VILLA SAVOYE by Le Corbusier

BARCELONA PAVILION at the1929 Barcelona

International Exposition by Mies Van Der Rohe

Bauhaus by Walter Gropius