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 Digital Sustainability in the Knowledge Society Key Terms & Concepts Dr. Marcus M. Dapp Board OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich 03.10.2011

Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

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Page 1: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Digital Sustainabilityin the Knowledge Society

Key Terms & Concepts

Dr. Marcus M. DappBoard OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich

03.10.2011

Page 2: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Think!

• What is the difference between:• Possession (Besitz) and• Property (Eigentum)?

• Why do we have the concept of »property«?

• Effort (John Locke, 1600s)• Scarcity (William Blackstone,1700s)

Page 3: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Possession vs. Property

• »No laws«• Ownership• Possession• Innehabung• Besitz

• »With law«• Property• Confiscation• Eigentum• Enteignung

Page 4: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Property

• Legal construct: The right to own• Defined & protected by state• Types

• Land: Real property• Non­land: Personal property• Non­physical: »Intellectual property«

• Is this really a type of »property«?

Page 5: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Roman and Germanic property concepts

• »Dominium«• Usus• Usus fructus• Abusus

• Modify, destroy• Transfer, sell to 

others

• »Patrimonium«• Usus• Usus fructus• ­ (!)

• Forestry: Sustainability

Page 6: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

What about »knowledge« as property?

• Who?• Private property• Common 

property• Public property• Privateigentum• Allmendeigentum• Gemeineigentum

• What & How?• Knowledge, 

ideas• Contained in 

artifacts, stored in facilities...

Page 7: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Knowledge needs a tangible medium

Source: Elinor Ostrom, Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Information asa common­pool resource, Law and Contemporary Problems, 2003.

Received as the first woman, the Nobel prize for Economics in 2009.

Page 8: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

»Public Domain«

• »range of abstract materials which are not owned or controlled by anyone.« (WP)

• For anyone• Unlimited access• Use without restriction

• Basis of cultural heritage• Music, literature

Page 9: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Initiatives around »Digital Public Domain«

• Volunteers digitizing cultural works• Expired © in all countries needed

• www.gutenberg.org • Sep08: 25k, Sep09: 30k, Oct10: 33k

• www.cpdl.org• Sep08: 9,7k, Sep09: 10,7k, Oct10: 12k

• www.mutopiaproject.org • Sep08: 1460, Sep09: 1600, Oct10: 1672

Page 10: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

• Finite public good a community has rights to

• Collective managementand possession

• Responsible use• Active contribution

• Appropriation, »enclosure«• Transfer to individual ownership

»Commons«

Page 11: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

»The Tragedy of the Commons«

• Resource is eventually overused• Multiple owners 

• Everyone: privilege to use resource• No one: right to exclude others

• »When too many owners have such privileges of use, the resource is prone to overuse.» (Heller)

• Can you think of examples..?

Heller, M. A., The Tragedy of the Anticommons, Harvard Law Review, January 1998.Original term »Tragedy of the commons« is by Garrett Hardin (WP)

Page 12: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Tragedy of the Commons – Examples

• over­logging forests on public lands • over­intensive use of public parks• over­fishing the high seas 

Page 13: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Tragedy of the Commons

Privileges of inclusion dominate

oil

Regie:5+1

land

water, fish

»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively over­consume scarce resources. Each finds that she benefits by consumptioneven though she imposes larger costs on thecommunity.« (Heller)

»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively over­consume scarce resources. Each finds that she benefits by consumptioneven though she imposes larger costs on thecommunity.« (Heller)

Page 14: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Tragedy of the Commons – The simple solution™

Page 15: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

»Tragedy of the Anticommons«

• Resource is eventually underused• Multiple owners

• Everyone: right to exclude others• No one: privilege of (exclusive) use

• »When there are too many owners holding rights of exclusion, the resource is prone to underuse.» (Heller)

• Can you think of examples..?

Heller, M. A., The Tragedy of the Anticommons, Harvard Law Review, January 1998.ideas.repec.org/p/wdi/papers/1997­40.html

Page 16: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Tragedy of the Anticommons – Examples

• Software patents• Media clips

http://mashable.com/2009/01/14/youtube-mutes-videos/

Page 17: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Tragedy of Anticommons

Rights of exclusion dominate

»sortingfunctions«

Regie: 5+1

»encryptionfunctions«

»audiofunctions«

»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively wastethe resource by under­using it comparedwith a social optimum.« (Heller)

»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively wastethe resource by under­using it comparedwith a social optimum.« (Heller)

Page 18: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Release Property into the Commons

• = Opposite of «enclosure»• Digital examples

• »Free/open source software«• »Open Data«• »Open Spectrum«

• One case study from software world...

Page 19: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Mosaic Netscape – The Early Days

• The business model• Browse for free, sell server software

• The company• 04/94 Mosaic Corp, Marc Andreessen• 10/94 Browser Mosaic Netscape 0.9• 11/94 Name switch to «Netscape» • 08/95 Historic IPO, start of Internet Hype• Netscape browser de­facto standard• (08/95 IE 1.0)

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«Browser wars of the 90s» – David vs. Goliath

• Success = attention of Microsoft• Strategy: use market power to stop rival• Bundle IE with Windows, use monopoly

• Browser Wars• «This Site is best viewed in ...» (HTML?)• Marketing > Technology• Instabilities, incompatibilities, bugs, etc.• Headache for customers

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Browser wars – Consequences

• Netscape died• Sold 1998 to AOL for $4.2bln

• Microsoft got sued• Antitrust, monopoly status

• IE market exploded• Peak at ~96% of all PCs• Competition ceased• Innovation ceased? (IE6 to IE7: 5 years)

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Browser wars – Analysis

• Market pressure?• Win the market vs. satisfy consumer• Feature­bloat vs. bug­fixing

• Obey standards or not?• IE lacked compliance with web 

standards & had proprietary extensions• Web designer (had to) stick to IE, 

sacrificed web standards

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So, what happened to the Netscapce browser..?

Page 24: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

• Netscape made code ‚open source‘• 02/98 www.mozilla.org

• »nothing« happened for 4 years• 06/02 Mozilla 1.0 released• 07/03 AOL closes Netscape, helps fund 

Mozilla Foundation• deal with MS to include IE in AOL for 7yrs

Strategy: »Unleashing the beast«

wikipedia.org, www.holgermetzger.de/Netscape_History.html

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Mozilla 1.0 Release party...

»running source code«»dancing programmers«

• First time in history that a company publicly releases software this way

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... and today?

• Growing download numbers• Success, but maybe not financially• Split of Mozilla in 2 parts (04/03)

• FireFox browser• Marketing Hype v1.0 (11/04)• Platform strategy allows competition

• Thunderbird email client

• AOL recommends FireFox family

about:mozilla

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Browser Wars II – What is different this time?

• »Goliath has no David to fight against«

• Competition on different grounds• Rules of the Game changed• All that by

• Releasing digital property into the commons

Page 28: Lecture 2011.02: Key Terms and Concepts (Digital Sustainability)

   

Let's have a break...

Fragen zu Gruppen/Themen behandeln wir in der zweiten Stunde...