INTRODUCTION TO

APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Lesson 1

1. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS ?2. WHAT IS APPLIED LINGUISTICS ?3. WHAT IS LANGUAGE? SPEECH?

M.S. Nina Nesterenko

1. WHAT IS LINGUISTICS ?Linguistics is a comparatively new science, or new, at least, in the

form it has taken in recent years. ( 1950s)The science seeks to answer the following questions: (a) what exactly do we know when we know a language? (b) how is this knowledge acquired?(c) how is such knowledge used?

What is Linguistics?

Linguistics is the study of language in all its aspects including its structure, its diversity, how it changes and evolves, how people learn and make use of it to communicate, and how it is implicated in relations of power.

What is LINGUISTICS?

Linguistics is the study of human language in all its aspects. It provides a methodology for exploring the structure of particular languages; it investigates what is universal to all human languages: how language varies over time and between different societies, how language is learnt, and how language is used for human communication.

What is Linguistisc?

Linguistics – the study of language in general or of some particular language or languages.

What is Linguistisc?It is the science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.

It is the study of the structure, development, changes, etc, of a particular language and its relationship to other languages.

It’s a scientific study of language. Its goal is

What is Linguistics?

describe the varieties of languages and explain the unconscious knowledge all speakers have of

their language

• Linguistics examines language as a part of human behaviour from a psychological , a social, cultural aspect , and attempts to determine which characteristics are unique to a language and which are universal (found in all the world's languages), how individual languages differ, how and why they change, "die" or "are born". Like all sciences, linguistics is divided into theoretical and applied.

Theoretical Linguistics examines a language at its different levels : its phonological system, articulation and perception of sounds (phonetics), word formation (morphology) and phrases and

sentences (syntax), the meaning of linguistic expressions (semantics), language use (pragmatics).

descriptive

historical comparative theoretical

geographical

Linguistics is subdivided into

applied

• No one book can cover the whole of linguistics

Applied Linguistics builds on the findings of Theoretical

Linguistics and, combining its strengths with those of other sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, etc. seeks to examine the circumstances under which a language is acquired and used by a language community.

2. WHAT IS APPLIED LINGUISTICS ?

Applied Linguistics ( 1950s)

The field of appl. linguistics started from Europe and the United States, the field rapidly flourished in the international context.

In the 1960s, Appl.Lgcs. was expanded to include language assessment and

L2 acquisition.

In the 1970s, Appl. linguistics included

solution of language-related problems in the

real world.

By the 1990s, Applied linguistics has broadened including critical studies

and multilingualism.

What is APPLIED LINGUISTICS ?

field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language related problems

It can be applied to all aspects of language use. It deals with mother, foreign, and second language acquisition

Applied Linguistics describes the language, and teaches how it is learned and used.

Applied Linguistics A.L. is concerned with:

- the systematic study of language structure, - the acquisition of 1st

and subsequent languages,

- the role of language in communication,

- the status of language as the

product of particular cultures and other

social groups.

A background in linguistics is essential for language

teachers, translators, speech-language pathologists,

audiologists, and many other language professionals.

What is APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

Applied Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which is focused on the theory of language and the practice of language learning.

It also includes Second Language Acquisition (SLA), the teaching and learning of a second or foreign language.

Applied Linguistics is concerned with practical issues involving language in the life of the community.

What is APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

It includes language policy, multilingualism, language education, the preservation and revival of endangered languages, and the assessment and treatment of language difficulties.

Its areas of interest include professional communication, for example, between doctors and their patients, between lawyers and their clients and in courtrooms, as well as other areas of institutional and cross-cultural communication ranging from the boardroom to the routines on an answer phone.

LINGUISTICS

EDUCATION

APPLLIED

LINGUISTICS

What is APPLIED LINGUISTICS ?A.L. extends into such practical application fields as as:

Language Acquisition ( L1 and L2)

Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages (developing foreign language teaching methods)

Clinical Linguistics (analysis and treatment of language disorders)

Educational Linguistics (the use of the mother tongue in school)

Lexicography ( theory and practice in organizing dictionaries; methods and techniques for creating dictionaries

Machine Translation( computerized translation )

Computational Linguistics (the use of computers in language analysis and use)

Language assessment

(to measure student learning of languages, to determine what a student knows and/or can do and how well instruction is proceeding ).

Language pedagogy (theory of developing teaching methods )

Data Mining – (the process of processing large volumes of data usually stored in a database and searching for patterns and relationships within that data. It is automatic extraction and processing of data )

Psycholinguistics (the study of the psychological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce speech , relationship between language and human behavior)

Language interpretation (facilitating of oral or sign language communication between users of different languages)

Neurolinguistics (describes the application of linguistic theories to the classification and analysis of acquired disorders of language or speech in patients with brain damage )

Internet linguistics ( It studies new language styles and forms that have arisen under the influence of the Internet and Short Message Service (SMS)

Sociolinguistics (study of the link between language and society)

Language, culture, and pragmatics( cultural aspects in language teaching in intercultural communication )

Text Analysis ( written discourse)

Language Control / Dialectology(study of dialects, variations in language and it is based primarily on geographic distribution ; divergence of two local dialects from a common ancestor and synchronic variation )

Corpus linguistics(the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or "real world" text ; it is approach to deriving a set of abstract rules by which a natural language is governed or else relates to another language)

Applied Linguistics

Education(teaching, learning, acquisition, assessment

Sociology (the scientific study of human social behavior and the study of society)

Psychology(the science of mind and behavior, and the application of such knowledge of various spheres of human activity, such as education, health, occupational and employment services

Anthropology( the scientific study of the origin and behavior of man, including the physical, social, and cultural development 0f societies and cultures)

Linguistics (The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology and the study of human speech, language form, language meaning , and language in context

To sum up:Applied Linguistics

- Examines the structure of language and its role in communication- Explores how children acquire language- Studies how the skills of L2 and EFL speakers develop Investigates how the social or cultural environment interacts with language

Difference between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics

Linguistics :- It is the study of language in general, from a scientific point of view.

- It seeks to understand the nature of language as a universal human faculty and means of communication.

- It asks questions : How is language structured? What features are necessary parts of any language? In what ways can languages differ? How are meanings encoded in words? How are words put together in sentences? How do languages reflect the culture of their speakers? How do languages change through time?

Linguistics is a science that studies languages and has some subfields:

PHONETICS - it deals with the sounds of language, how they are producedPHONOLOGY – it deals with how the sounds are organizedMORPHOLOGY – it deals with how sounds are put together to form words, and everything related to word formationSYNTAX – it deals with how sentences are formedSEMANTICS – it deals with the meaning of words, sentences, and textsPRAGMATICS –studies how people comprehend and produce a

communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation

Difference between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics

.

Difference between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics

Applied Linguistics investigates: - how an understanding of language can be put to use in a variety of fields including first and second language acquisition,

- second /foreign language teaching and literacy,

- Language and classroom education across the curriculum,

- the use of language in university academic contexts, language and the law, forensic speaker identification, speech pathology, translation and advertising.

- It uses knowledge of how languages work within different applied settings.

APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Applied linguistics can be applied to all aspects of language use. It deals with mother, foreign, second language acquisition. It examined the relationship between language and such areas as law, communication, media, social and educational psychology and education in general. Domain of applied linguistics – approaches to text, language, literacy, research, language teaching and learning and translation.

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

Elementary school teachers

• acquisition of foreign language (level of language acquisition that the child has achieved at the time of school entrance)

• Task : help children learn to read, write, understand the relationship between writing and speech.

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

The secondary school teacher In foreing language teaching – to ve aware of

the rules and forms that make up the language system ( grammar and phonology )

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

The Philosopher: • language is one of the chief factors that distinguishes man from other animals;• What language is and how it contributes to man`s

special place in the universe ;• A special interest is in determining relationships

between language and logic and between language and thought;

• Language provides wide material for the investigation of learning

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

Antropologist:• Analysis of a vocabulary shows the principal

emphases of a culture and reflects culture history

How Linguistics is related to other sciences• Anthropology: It deals with language as an integral part

(guide ) of a culture of any society. It analyzes language changes as cultural reflection.

Writers and poets

Language as the medium in which ideas are expressed.

• To understand the use of language in prose and poetry ( genre, stylistics) , one must also understand the possibilities for expression offered by language

( Discourse Analysis).

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

Psychologist: • Language is a necessary means for understanding

of language behaviour ( psycholonguistics)

WHO MAY BE INTERESTED IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS?

Sociologist / Sociolinguist: Language is a guide to social reality It helps understand :

The symbolic significance in social sense

How particular varieties of language are associated with particular social groups

The technique of communication between human beings

Correctness of speech ( or social style ) in speech ( modes of pronunciation, slang, jargon, professional terminology- are some of the symbols that society arranges itself and are of crucial importance for the understanding of the development of individual and social attitudes)

How Linguistics is related to other sciences

Natural sciences – Physics and Physiology- necessary for Phonetics- acoustics and the physiology of the speech organs.

• Sociology ( Sociolinguistics) – language and society.Language is a part of cultural behaviour.

• Psychology ( Psycholinguistics)- language and language behaviour

3. WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

LANGUAGE AND SPEECH

- No community may live without languageLanguage and Speech

- For communication- For transmission of knowledge- For conveying information and facts- For ceremonial purposes- To influence people ( orders, commands)- To self-express- To express emotions and feelings- To form thoughts- YOUR IDEA?

Why do we need language?

A system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings

Human speechAbility to communicate by

this means

The written representation of such a system

Any means of expressing or communicating, as gestures, signs ( traffic, symbology ), or nonverbal communication ( body language)

Language and SpeechWHAT IS LANGUAGE ?

A special set of symbols, letters, numerals, rules, grammar sets, etc, used for the transmission of information

All the vocal sounds, words, and ways of combining them common to a particular nation, tribe, or other speech community

The particular form or manner of selecting and combining words characteristic of a person, group, or profession

Form or style of expression in words

Expression or communication of thoughts and feelings by spoken words

• The act of speaking• The power or ability to speak• The manner of speaking• Utterance, remark, statement, talk, conversation• A talk or adress given to an audience

What is Speech?

• the language used by a certain group of people• Dialect or tongue• The theory and practice of oral expression and communication• Discourse delivered to an audience whether prepared

or impromptu• A formal, carefully prepared discourse

For the linguists, speech is the primary manifestation of language.

Speech is the part of man`s biological nature ( people do not necessarily learn to write, but with physiological, neurological and psychological normality a child will talk)

Every individual learns to speak before he/she learns to write ( writing is a representation of speech which has been acquired prviously )

Speech is the most potent force for language change

LANGUAGE is a mental phenomenon. It is a KNOWLEDGE about sounds, meaning, and grammar .It involves a lexicon ( vocabulary ) and rules to combine lexicon ( grammar)

SPEECH – it’s a delivery system for language. It’ s a concrete physical act – a production of specific utterances containing particular words and expressed by means of certain sounds. It may be conveyed orally , and through signs , and writing.

Language vs Speech

Language vs SpeechFor a communication system to be called language,it must have a lexicon and a grammar. is a system of elements (words) and rules of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics and the study of those elements and rules.

is a mental dictionary , the vocabulary that one has stored in the brain .

Grammar

Lexicon

ConclusionApplied linguistics reflects the interest of humans

to understand origin of language, how it is learned and how it could be taught since language is also manifested in speech and speech is the part of human`s biological nature

( people do not necessarily learn to write, but with social, physiological, neurological and psychological normality a child will talk).

field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language related problems.

Corder ( 1074:5) “ the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of languageachieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in

which language is a central component”

Norbert Schmitt :” it is what we know about language, how it is learned and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.” ( 2010:1)

Richards at al ( 1985:19): 1. Applied Linguistics is the study of a second and foreign language learning and teaching.2. The study of language in relation to practical problems. Applied Linguistics uses

information from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and information theory as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own theoretical models of language and language use, and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics., gender differences in speech ( men, women, and children speak differently ), social class differences, etc.

Applied Linguistics is

HOMEWORK:

a. Research and report on:1.History of the term “Applied Linguistics”. 2. Applied Linguistics and its branches.3. Relationship between App.linguistics, Linguistics, and education.4. Areas where applied linguistics can be used (explain HOW each area depends on the use of language). 5. In what way applied linguistics can be useful in: - Language and technology - Language and learner characteristics6. Establish the difference between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics(you may use the following link :)http://scholar.google.com.ec/scholar?q=applied+linguistics+versus+linguistics&hl=es&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart

- ( PPP, or pesentation in the form of report/lecture)

Homework b. Write an essay on ONE of these topics:1. Importance of Applied Linguistics for educational field.2. Importance of the knowledge of Applied Linguistics for your professional and personal growth.3. The role of Applied Linguistics in EFL teaching.4. How applied linguistics can be useful in solving problems related to language within each of the disciplines mentioned in the lecture.5. Explain how you understand the terms Language and Speech. ( Language versus Speech) 

Web Links• http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-applied.cfm• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7dbWW83a74• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ehna4GtkgMo• http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/domain-linguistics-overview• http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/applied-linguistics• http://www.abilitypath.org/areas-of-development/communication--

speech/hearing/articles/what-is-speech-and-language-02.html• https://georgiapathway.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/speech-vs-language-what

s-the-difference/

• http://www.superduperinc.com/handouts/pdf/396_SLPDifferences.pdf• http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-betw

een-language-and-speech/

THANK YOU!

To be continued……