Level 2 grammarPart 1: gerund and infinitive

Forms of gerund and infinitive

Verb base form

Gerund: -ing form of a verb

Infinitive: to + verb base form

listen listening

to listen

speak

speaking to speak

write writing to write

read reading to read

Gerund use 1: subject

Use a gerund as a noun: a gerund can work as a

subject: gerund subjects take singular verbs:

1. Playing with your cellphone in class is not good.

2. Walking helps you stay healthy.

3. Playing a game too long gave me a headache.

4. Singing and dancing are my joys in life. (Why plural?)

Gerund use 2: object

Use a gerund as a noun: use a gerund after a verb or a preposition as an object:

1. He dislikes watching TV.

2. We enjoy walking in the park.

3. I am fond of reading in the library.

4. She is tired of washing dishes all the time.

Gerund use 3: subject complement

Use a gerund as a noun: use a gerund after BE verb:

1.His favorite hobby is watching TV.2.What she really likes is traveling to

other countries.

Common Infinitive Use 1: Subject and Direct Object

An infinitive can be used as a noun, so it can be both subject and object in sentences.For example:

To study hard will increase your chance to pass this level. (Subject or object?)

Jane wants to open a coffee shop.(Subject or object?)

Common Infinitive Use 2: Subject Complement

The infinitive is used after a linking verb, so the infinitive works as a subject complement.For example:Sam’s dream is to become a singer.What is your goal in life?

Common Infinitive Use 3

It + infinitive sentences1. It takes time to learn a different language.2. It is important to have a balanced diet.

Differences between: Infinitive and Gerund 1

Gerund:To express purpose of something• A dishwasher is for

washing dishes.

Infinitive:To express purpose of someone• We use dishwasher

to wash dishes.

Differences between: Infinitive and Gerund 2

Gerund:Actions have been completed.• I stopped worrying

about my tests.

Infinitive:Actions that will occur in the future.• I would like to take a

break soon.

Practice time!Some verbs can be followed by a gerund only.avoidconsiderdenyenjoyfinishinvolvekeepmind recallsuggest

Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive only.agreeplandeciderefuseexpectseemtendwant

Level 2 GrammarPart 2: adverbs of

frequency/manner/degree

AdverbsAdverbs of mannerHow an action happens

Adverbs of degreeMake other adverbs stronger or weaker.

Adverbs of frequency

How often an action happens

She is reading quietly on the coach.

This question is quite easy.

I always get up at 8 o'clock.

Adverbs of manner

It mainly modifies verbs and tells the way in which something happensWhat is he doing? He is reading.How is he reading? He is reading quietly.

Adverbs of Degree

Extremely The water was extremely hot. (adj.)

quite The movie is quite boring. (adj.)

just He just left. (verb)

almost She almost finished the project. (verb)

very He walks very slowly. (adv.)

too You speak too fast. (adv.)

enough You are running fast enough. (adv.)

Adverbs of frequency

Comparative and Superlative: Slides for Practice

Nice

A B

Comfortable

Healthy

Easy

Important

Clean

Cute

Sweet

Good

Green

Busy and Expensive

Fast

Beautiful

Interesting

Dangerous

Big

Tasty

Cozy and Nice to Study

Necessary

Difficult

Close to your Apartment

Warm

Noisy

Expensive