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This presentation focuses on the role of intensive livestock farming and monoculture expansion for the environment. It also addresses the issue of land grabbing and grasslands as a carbon sink.
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Livestock, Land and Land Grabbing
Meat and Diary production• Uses 30 percent of the
Earth’s land surface• 70 percent of all agricultural
land• 8 percent of all water used by
human society• Is the largest sectoral source
of water pollution• Is the main cause of
deforestation in Latin America, the continent with the highest deforestation rate
Livestock‘s emissions
18 % of total human activity related emissions (transport: 14 %)
• 65 % of nitrous oxide and 64 % of ammonia• 37 % of methane• 9 % of carbon dioxide equivalent
Includes emissions of feed productionExcludes land use / land use change
Amazone basin: 70% of rainforest is lost to pastures
80 % of agricultural emissions IPCC
Intensive livestock farming and monoculture expansion
Industrial agriculture and the cultivation of mono-crops for feed or fuel are eroding ecological processes that allow carbon to be stored in soils and not released into the atmosphere. As a result of the use of chemical fertilizers, intensive agriculture and animal monocultures produce important quantities of nitrous oxide, the third most significant greenhouse gas responsible for global warming
Fase inicialDécada de los `80
Invasión de la sojaen el Paraguay
Segunda faseDécada de los `90
Invasión de la sojaen el Paraguay
Tercera faseDécada del 2000
Invasión de la sojaen el Paraguay
Situación actual y tendenciasDécada del 2000
Invasion of soyin Paraguay
Major factor in land grabbing and rural depopulation: cattle ranching and soy production are labour-extensive
forms of agriculture
Meat consumption grams per head per day
North 224 g South 47 gGlobal 101 g
Recommendation to save the climate:(medical journal The Lancet)
90 g/head/day
China: already reached 90g in the cities; 20% of urban kids are obese
The crisis will only expand if US meat consumption patterns are copied
• Without effective policies to halt it, global meat production will double by 2050
• This means 120 billion animals per year will be slaughtered
• Almost all growth will happen in industrial systems
• Triggering massive land grabbing for fodder production
„Projections“
• 2013: 7 billion• 2050: 9 billion
30% population increase 100% food increase
because of „societal expectations“ to eat more meat
Without industrial livestock: Food for 10.5 billion people already today
Subsidies to animal products in OECD (2009) in billion USD
chicken
pork
beef
Soya
milk
Intensification: More of the same problems
Livestock biotechnologies are likely to lead to• faster increase in genetic uniformity, • more market power and dependency on a few genetics
corporations, • more disease problems, • more demands for subsidies, • more pressure on animal welfare, • more environmental pollution, and• more climate change,
in sum, more of the problems that are already now an implicit part of the production system and not likely to be solved
Impacts of shift to industrial livestock farming
• In Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil: soy monocultures, agrotoxics, deforestation, depopulation of countryside, genocide amongst Indigenous peoples
• Indonesia, India: Farmers become tools for industry, introduction GMOs for feedstock, growth hormones, antibiotics
• Benin, Kenya, Cameroon: Pastoralism replaced by imported industrial livestock products
The main impacts are quantitative so standards and certification do not function
Reducing methane emissions from factory farms with biogas digesters are a major CDM
activity
Smithfield farm in La Granja, Veracruz, Mexico
56% of CDM projects in Mexico are pig farmsThese biodigesters, however, have experienced many technical difficulties that place their future viability and continued development in question.
E. Lokey in: Renewable Energy Volume 34, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages 566-569
Livestock’s “co-benefits”
• 70 % of the world’s poor keep livestock
• livelihoods for one billion of the world’s poor
• 200 million pastoralists• 2/3 of livestock keepers are
femaleFAO
Grasslands: Carbon sink AND food resource
• 70 % of agric. land• Livestock is the only way to turn grassland into
food• Evolution: grasslands & ruminants • Seasonal use by wild and domesticated herds
contributes to grassland conservation as well as to its carbon sink function
Grasslands - a major carbon sink
• Savannas can reproduce 150% of their weight annually – forests 10% Source: Davies J. & Nori M. (2008): Managing and mitigating climate change through
Pastoralism. Policy Matters, October 2008
• Cover 30-45 % of land surface - more than forest • Susceptible to land grabbing, no advocates• Roots are a major carbon store• 34 % of terrestrial carbon stores • Too often, grasslands are classified as ‘marginal’,
‘degraded’ or ‘unused’ lands
Conversion of grasslands into croplands has many negative impacts
The Landscape Approach and the risks of Land Grabbing
• Who decides what activities take place where? Where does the destruction go?
• Rural people, especially Indigenous peoples and forest peoples, and especially women, are almost always politically and economically marginalized – who decides for them?
• “Land degradation neutral” - whose livelihoods are destroyed? Whose lands and livelihoods are used to “compensate” for it?
Biodiversity Offsets: Double Damage
Excluding people from the soy lands, and the offset areas, while failing to address environmental impacts
Inherent Risks of REDD+- Weak land tenure rights and
negotiation power of women, Indigenous peoples, peasants, pastoralists: Elite resource capture and land grabbing are inherent risks
- Counting how much carbon is stored is expensive – most funds will go to (male) consultants
- Focus on carbon promotes monoculture tree plantations and ignores social and cultural values
- Who will Pay for the Results?
Can REDD+ Address the Drivers of Forest Loss?
REDD+ and the Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
November 2013
Global Forest Coalition
Editing: Ronnie Hall
Further reading
Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders
in developing countriesSusanne Gura
May 2008
For more information: Brighter Green: http://www.brightergreen.org/
Global Forest Coalition: http://globalforestcoalition.org/