Administration of Criminal Justice: Conclusions from comparative statistics in the OSCE region 

Conference: Post-Socialist Justice After Two DecadesStockholm School of Economics in Riga - Riga, 11 October 2012

Manfred NowakProfessor of International Law and Human Rights, University of ViennaDirector, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, ViennaFormer UN Special Rapporteur on Torture (2004 – 2010)

The Post-Socialist Legal Space: Perceptions and Practices of Justice

1. Maps & Statistics on the Prison Situation within the OSCE region

2. Council of Europe – European Court of Human Rights

3. United Nations – Human Rights Committee

4. European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)

5. Death Penalty

6. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture (2004 – 2010)

7. Conclusion

Overview

1. Maps & Statistics on the Prison Situation within the OSCE region

Sources:

- World Prison Brief (http://www.prisonstudies.org/info/worldbrief/; retrieved 20/2/2012)

- UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

3

- 10 out of the 25 States with the highest number of prisoners are OSCE States

- 42% of the world prison population from OSCE countries (compared to 18 % of overall world population)

- OSCE States (US, Russia, Georgia, …) among those with the highest prison population rates in the world

- Overcrowding of prisons: only 8 OSCE States have a prison occupancy rate of less than 80% (e.g. Central Asian States)

PRISON SITUATION

* no. indicates position in the world ranking

5

Total Prison Population of OSCE Countries 4.251.737 (42% of total world prison population of 10.053.162)

United States of America (1)* 2,266,832 Russian Federation (3)* 755,600 Ukraine (10)* 157,866 Turkey (12)* 127,831 United Kingdom (16)* 86,919 Poland 81,382 France 73,149 Spain 70,414 Germany 69,697 Italy 68,047 Kazakhstan 52,464 Uzbekistan 42,000 Canada 39,099 Belarus 36,533 Romania 30,810 Georgia 24,187 Czech Republic 23,435 Azerbaijan 20,470 Hungary 16,328 Netherlands 14,488 Portugal 12,918 Serbia 12,000 Greece 11,364 Turkmenistan 10,935 Belgium 10,561 Slovakia 10,031 Kyrgyzstan 9,828 Tajikistan 9,317 Lithuania 9,139 Bulgaria 9,071

6

Total Prison Population of OSCE Countries 4.251.737 (42% of total world prison population of 10.053.162) (ctd.)

Austria 8,694 Sweden 7,106 Latvia 7,055 Moldova (Republic of) 6,476 Switzerland 6,181 Croatia 5,165 Albania 4,689 Armenia 4,514 Ireland, Republic of 4,279 Denmark 4,091 Norway 3,602 Estonia 3,381 Finland 3,189 Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of) 2,329 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation 1,671 Montenegro 1,438 Slovenia 1,311 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska 1,046 Cyprus (Republic of) 883 Luxembourg 645 Malta 580 Greenland (Denmark) 194 Iceland 149 Andorra 61 Monaco 23 Liechtenstein 7

7

PRISON POPULATION RATES per 100.000 inhabitants in the OSCE States

United States of America 730Georgia 539Russian Federation 529Belarus 381Ukraine 347Greenland (Denmark) 340Kazakhstan 323Latvia 314Lithuania 276Estonia 252Azerbaijan 228Montenegro 227Turkmenistan 224Czech Republic 222Poland 213Slovakia 184Moldova (Republic of) 182Kyrgyzstan 181Turkey 171Serbia 164Hungary 163Uzbekistan c.153Spain 152Albania 147Armenia 146

8

PRISON POPULATION RATES per 100.000 inhabitants in the OSCE States (ctd.)

United Kingdom 146Romania 144Malta 141Tajikistan 130Luxembourg 124Portugal 121Bulgaria 120Canada 117Croatia 117Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of) 114Italy 112France 111Cyprus (Republic of) 110Austria 104Greece 101Belgium 97Ireland, Republic of 95Netherlands 87Germany 86Switzerland 79Sweden 78Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska 75Denmark 74Andorra 73Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation 73Norway 73Monaco 70Slovenia 64Finland 59Iceland 47Liechtenstein 19

9

PRISON POPULATION RATES per 100.000 inhabitants in the OSCE States

10

PRISON OCCUPANCY RATES Haiti 335.7%Benin 307.1%Philippines c.300%Iran 294.1%Sudan 255.3%Serbia 157.9%Bulgaria 155.6%Italy 149.1%Croatia 147.5%Cyprus (Republic of) 147.9%Spain 138.0%Hungary 132.4%Greece 129.6%Montenegro 127.3%Belgium 119.6%Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of) 119.3%Slovenia 117.6%Romania 115.5%Uzbekistan 113.5%Czech Republic 113.4%France 113.0%Turkey 110.4%United States of America 110.1%Albania 107.1%Belarus 106.7%Portugal 105.8%Malta 102.9%Armenia 102.7%Georgia 101.8%Sweden 101.5%

11

PRISON OCCUPANCY RATES (ctd.) Greenland (Denmark) 101.0%Lithuania 100.0%Finland 99.6%Denmark 99.0%Austria 98.0%Estonia 97.2%Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation 96.4%Canada 96.4%Ireland, Republic of 94.9%Slovakia 94.5%Poland 94.3%Norway 94.1%Ukraine 92.7%Iceland 92.5%Switzerland 92.5%Russian Federation 91.6%Luxembourg 90.8%United Kingdom 90.4%Germany 88.5%Netherlands 85.3% Turkmenistan 85.0%Moldova (Republic of) 81.2%Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska 78.1%Azerbaijan 77.7%Kyrgyzstan 72.6%Kazakhstan 72.5%Latvia 70.4%Tajikistan 61.5%Andorra 54.4%Liechtenstein 35.0%Monaco 28.4%

12

PRISON OCCUPANCY RATES

13

PRE-TRIAL DETAINEES/ REMAND PRISONERS (percentage within the prison population)

Mali 88.7%Liberia c.85%Bolivia 83.6%Togo c.80%Nigeria 77.6%Malta 64.0%Monaco 60.9%Montenegro 45.8%Andorra 42.6%Turkey 42.6%Cyprus (Republic of) 42.2%Italy 41.8%Switzerland 41.0%Netherlands 40.6%Luxembourg 38.2%Canada 37.0%Belgium 35.0%Denmark 34.0%Albania 33.6%Greece 31.2%Hungary 29.4%United Kingdom 28.8%Liechtenstein 28.6%Latvia 28.3%Kyrgyzstan 27.6%Norway 27.2%Armenia 26.0%Ukraine 24.5%Serbia 24.4%Sweden 24.4%Croatia 22.9%Slovenia 22.7%

14

PRE-TRIAL DETAINEES/ REMAND PRISONERS (percentage within the prison population) (ctd.)

Greenland (Denmark) 22.6%France 22.5%Moldova (Republic of) 21.4%Austria 21.2%United States of America 20.8%Estonia 20.3%Portugal 19.3%Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska 18.2%Finland 18.1%Belarus 17.7%Romania 16.4%Spain 16.4%Ireland, Republic of 16.0%Russian Federation 15.6%Germany 15.5%Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation 15.3%Tajikistan 15.0%Slovakia 14.6%Azerbaijan 13.5%Lithuania 13.1%Kazakhstan 12.6%Turkmenistan 12.4%Uzbekistan 11.5%Czech Republic 10.9%Bulgaria 10.4%Poland 10.0%Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of) 8.6%Iceland 8.1%Georgia 6.7%Laos 1.0%Tonga 0.6%

15

PRE-TRIAL DETAINEES/ REMAND PRISONERS (percentage within the prison population)

2. Council of Europe – European Court of Human Rights

16

- Relating only to 47 member States of the Council of Europe (not US, Canada, Belarus, Central Asian States)

- Statistics about relevant cases

- Judgments in 2011 finding violations of Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 ECHR

Source: European Court of Human Rights, Annual Report 2011 and Facts and Figures 2011, 50 Years of Activity – The European Court of Human Righz (available at http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/Homepage_EN)

17

18

19

20

(174)

(133)

(105)

(73)

ECtHR - Violations Judgments by States in 2011

21

ECtHR - Violations by Article and by State in 2011

Right to Life - Deprivation of Life (Art 2 ECHR)Russia 53Turkey 6Romania 3Belgium 2Ukraine 2Bulgaria 1Georgia 1Italy 1Poland 1Total 70

22

Right to Life - Lack of Effective Investigation (Art 2 ECHR)Russia 58Romania 8Ukraine 7United Kingdom 5Bulgaria 4Croatia 2Georgia 2Turkey 2France 1Italy 1Total 90

23

Prohibition of Torture (Art 3 ECHR) Russia 6Ukraine 3Turkey 2United Kingdom 2Bulgaria 1France 1Total 15

24

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (Art 3 ECHR)Russia 62Turkey 36Romania 20Ukraine 15Greece 10Republic of Moldova 8Belgium 6France 5Poland 5Bulgaria 3Croatia 3Hungary 3Italy 2Slovenia 2Germany 1Lithunia 1Slovakia 1Total 183

25

Art 3 - Lack of Effective Investigation Turkey 37Russia 22Ukraine 9Romania 6Republic of Moldova 5Croatia 4Bulgaria 3Lithunia 1Serbia 1Spain 1Total 89

26

Right to Liberty and Security (Art 5 ECHR)Russia 68Ukraine 42Turkey 38Latvia 17Poland 16Slovakia 12Bulgaria 10Germany 8Greece 8Republic of Moldova 7Belgium 6Croatia 5Hungary 5Netherlands 4Armenia 3Azerbaijan 2Bosnia Herzegovina 2Italy 2Romania 2Czech Republic 1Estonia 1France 1United Kingdom 1Total 261

27

Right to Fair Trial (Art 6 ECHR)Russia 40Turkey 30Ukraine 21Poland 14Czech Republic 13France 11Romania 9Croatia 8Azerbaijan 7Italy 7Republic of Moldova 7Greece 6Hungary 4Serbia 4Spain 4Malta 3Lithunia 3(The FYR of) Macedonia 3United Kingdom 3Albania 2Belgium 2Bulgaria 2Slovakia 2Estonia 1Luxembourg 1Montenegro 1Netherlands 1Portugal 1Slovenia 1Total 211

28

Length of Proceedings -(Art 6 ECHR) Ukraine 66Turkey 53Greece 50Bulgaria 21Germany 19Hungary 19Italy 16Poland 15Portugal 13Russia 13Romania 10Slovenia 6Austria 5Lithunia 5Slovakia 5Croatia 3Malta 3Serbia 3Czech Republic 2Ireland 2Finland 2France 2(The FYR of) Macedonia 2Cyprus 1Latvia 1Republic of Moldova 1Montenegro 1Spain 1United Kingdom 1Total 341

29

Effective Remedy (Art 13 ECHR)Russia 58Greece 32Bulgaria 26Germany 10Portugal 10Ukraine 9Slovenia 7France 6Turkey 6Republic of Moldova 5Romania 4Albania 3Slovakia 3Belgium 2Austria 1Croatia 1Czech Republic 1Estonia 1Hungary 1Ireland 1Total 187

3. United Nations – Human Rights Committee

30

- Out of 167 States parties to the CCPR 114 are parties to the 1st Optional Protocol (individual complaints procedure)

- All OSCE countries are parties to the CCPR.

- Within the OSCE region Monaco, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America have not ratified the 1st OP

- Views finding violations of Articles 2, 6, 7, 10 and 14 CCPR

Source: CPT, General Report 2011 (available at http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/annual/rep-21.pdf)

31

States Parties to CCPR and Optional Protocols

Country CCPR OP 1 OP 2

Albania 1991 2007 2007Andorra 2006 2006 2006Armenia 1993 1993Austria 1978 1987 1993Azerbaijan 1992 2001 1999Belarus 1973 1992Belgium 1983 1994 1998Bosnia and Herzegovina 1993 1995 2001Bulgaria 1970 1992 1999Canada 1976 1976 2005Croatia 1992 1995 1995Cyprus 1969 1992 1999Czech Republic 1993 1993 2004Denmark 1972 1972 1994Estonia 1991 1991 2004Finland 1975 1975 1991France 1980 1984 2007Georgia 1994 1994 1999Germany 1973 1993 1992Greece 1997 1997 1997Hungary 1974 1988 1994Iceland 1979 1979 1991Ireland 1989 1989 1993Italy 1978 1978 1995Kazakhstan 2006 2009Kyrgyzstan 1994 1994 2010Latvia 1992 1994Liechtenstein 1998 1998 1998

Lithuania 1991 1991 2002Luxembourg 1983 1983 1992Malta 1990 1990 1994Monaco 1997 2000Montenegro 2006 2006 2006Netherlands 1978 1978 1991Norway 1972 1972 1991Poland 1977 1991Portugal 1978 1983 1990Republic of Moldova 1993 2008 2006Romania 1974 1993 1991Russian Federation 1973 1991San Marino 1985 1985 2004Serbia 2001 2001 2001Slovakia 1993 1993 1999Slovenia 1992 1993 1994Spain 1977 1985 1991Sweden 1971 1971 1990Switzerland 1992 1994Tajikistan 1999 1999The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 1994 1994 1995Turkey 2003 2006 2006Turkmenistan 1997 1997 2000Ukraine 1973 1991 2007United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1976 1999United States of America 1992Uzbekistan 1995 1995 2008

Status of ratification of CCPR within OSCE

CCPR 55*

OP 1 51

OP 2 47

* Holy See did not ratify CCPR

Human Rights Committee

32

Human Rights CommitteeCCPR Communications dealt with from 2003 to 2010

YearNew cases registered

Cases concludeda

Pending cases at 31 December 2010

2010 96 83 4442009 68 76 4312008 87 88 4392007 206 47 4552006 96 109 2962005 106 96 3092004 100 78 2992003 88 89 277

a Total number of cases decided (by the adoption of Views, inadmissibility decisions and decisions to discontinue consideration).

33

Views finding violations in relation to CCPR ArticlesHuman Rights Committee

34

Views finding violations in relation to StatesHuman Rights Committee

35

CCPR - Violations by Article and by State (2009 – 2011)

Algeria 4Argentina 3Australia 1Azerbaijan 1Belarus 5Cameroon 1Canada 3Central African RepublicColombia 1Congo, Democratic Republic of 1Croatia 1Czech Republic 3DenmarkEstoniaFranceGreece 1Guyana 1Kazakhstan 1Korea, Republic of 1Kyrgyzstan 3Latvia

Lybian Arab Jamahiriya 3Nepal 1NetherlandsNew Zealand 1Paraguay 1Peru 1Philippines 2Republic of Serbia 1Romania 1Russian Federation 6South Africa 1Spain 4Sri Lanka 2SwedenTajikistan 5Turkmenistan 1Ukraine 1Uruguay 1Uzbekistan 11Zambia 1Total 75

Human Rights Committee

Effective Remedy and Non-Discrimination (Art 2 CCPR)

36

Human Rights CommitteeCCPR - Violations by Article and by State (2009 – 2011)

Algeria 3Argentina 1Australia 1AzerbaijanBelarusCameroonCanada 1Central African RepublicColombiaCongo, Democratic Republic ofCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFranceGreeceGuyanaKazakhstan 1Korea, Republic ofKyrgyzstan 3Latvia

Lybian Arab Jamahiriya 3NepalNetherlandsNew ZealandParaguayPeruPhilippines 2Republic of Serbia 1RomaniaRussian Federation 2South AfricaSpain 1Sri Lanka 1Sweden 1Tajikistan 2TurkmenistanUkraineUruguayUzbekistan 3Zambia 1Total 27

Right to Life (Art 6 CCPR)

37

Human Rights CommitteeCCPR - Violations by Article and by State (2009 – 2011)

Algeria 3Argentina 2Australia 1Azerbaijan 1Belarus 2Cameroon 1Canada 4Central African RepublicColombiaCongo, Democratic Republic of 1CroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFranceGreeceGuyanaKazakhstan 1Korea, Republic ofKyrgyzstan 5Latvia

Lybian Arab Jamahiriya 3Nepal 2Netherlands 1New Zealand 1ParaguayPeruPhilippinesRepublic of SerbiaRomaniaRussian Federation 5South Africa 1SpainSri Lanka 2Sweden 1Tajikistan 5TurkmenistanUkraine 2UruguayUzbekistan 9Zambia 1Total 54

Prohibition of Torture or Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Art 7 CCPR)

38

Human Rights CommitteeCCPR - Violations by Article and by State (2009 – 2011)

Algeria 3ArgentinaAustralia 4AzerbaijanBelarus 2Cameroon 2CanadaCentral African RepublicColombiaCongo, Democratic Republic ofCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFranceGreeceGuyanaKazakhstanKorea, Republic ofKyrgyzstanLatvia

Lybian Arab Jamahiriya 3Nepal 1NetherlandsNew Zealand 1ParaguayPeruPhilippinesRepublic of SerbiaRomaniaRussian Federation 2South AfricaSpainSri Lanka 1SwedenTajikistan 3Turkmenistan 1Ukraine 1Uruguay 1Uzbekistan 3ZambiaTotal 36

Right to liberty and security of persons (Art 9 CCPR)

39

Human Rights CommitteeCCPR - Violations by Article and by State (2009 – 2011)

Humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty (Art 10 CCPR)

Algeria 2ArgentinaAustraliaAzerbaijanBelarus 2Cameroon 2CanadaCentral African RepublicColombiaCongo, Democratic Republic ofCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFranceGreeceGuyanaKazakhstanKorea, Republic ofKyrgyzstanLatvia

Lybian Arab Jamahiriya 3Nepal 2NetherlandsNew Zealand 1ParaguayPeruPhilippinesRepublic of SerbiaRomaniaRussian Federation 1South Africa 1SpainSri Lanka 1SwedenTajikistanTurkmenistan 1Ukraine 1UruguayUzbekistan 2Zambia 1Total 20

40

Administration of Justice (Art 14 CCPR)

Human Rights CommitteeCCPR - Violations by Article and by State (2009 – 2011)

AlgeriaArgentina 1Australia 1AzerbaijanBelarus 4Cameroon 2Canada 1Central African RepublicColombia 2Congo, Democratic Republic ofCroatia 1Czech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFrance 1GreeceGuyana 1KazakhstanKorea, Republic ofKyrgyzstan 4Latvia

Lybian Arab Jamahiriya 2Nepal 1Netherlands 1New Zealand 1ParaguayPeruPhilippines 1Republic of SerbiaRomaniaRussian Federation 4South AfricaSpain 2Sri Lanka 1SwedenTajikistan 5Turkmenistan 1Ukraine 2Uruguay 1Uzbekistan 8Zambia 1Total 49

4. European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)

41

- 1990-2011: 315 visits (191 periodic visits + 124 ad hoc visits)

- 264 CPT reports published (Russian Federation: only 1 report published out of 18)

Source: CPT, General Report 2011 (available at http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/annual/rep-21.pdf)

42

CPT

5. Death Penalty

43

- Europe as a death penalty free zone (except Belarus, Abkhazia, Transnistria)

- Central Asia: recent abolition of capital punishment in Uzbekistan (for all crimes, 2008); Kyrgyzstan (for all crimes; 2007); Kazakhstan (for ordinary crimes, 2007); Turkmenistan (for all crimes, 1999); Tajikistan (abolitionist in practice: no execution in the past ten years)

- USA: retentionist

Source: Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions Report 2010

44

6. UN Special Rapporteur on Torture (2004 – 2010)

- 18 Fact-Finding Missions

- 5 Fact-Finding Missions to OSCE Countries (Georgia, Denmark & Greenland, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Greece)

- Joint UN Reports on Guantanamo Bay and Secret Detention in the Context of Countering Terrorism

45

TogoApril 07

China Nov. 05

MongoliaJune 05

Georgia Feb. 05

NepalSept. 05

IndonesiaNov. 07

Sri LankaOct. 07

Equatorial GuineaNov. 08

Denmark & Greenland

May 08JordanJune 06

NigeriaMarch 07

ParaguayNov. 06

UruguayMarch 09

GuantanamoFeb. 06

KazakhstanMay 09

MoldovaJuly 08

(Cuba)Autumn 10

JamaicaFeb. 10

(Zimbabwe)Oct. 09

(Russia)Oct. 06

SudanOct. 06

Papua New GuineaMay 10

Papua New GuineaMay 10

GreeceOct. 10

FACT-FINDING MISSIONS – OVERVIEW

Special Rapporteur on Torture:FACT-FINDING MISSIONS IN OSCE COUNTRIES

- Georgia (February 2005): routine practice of torture, bad prison conditions, death penalty in Abkhazia

- Denmark and Greenland (May 2008): no torture, high standards of detention

- Moldova (July 2008): widespread ill-treatment and isolated torture, bad prison conditions, death penalty in Transnistria

- Kazakhstan (May 2009): routine torture and ill-treatment, improved prison conditions, extensive preparation for visit by Special Rapporteur

- Greece (October 2010): isolated cases of torture, bad conditions of detention (in particular migration detention facilities

‣ Prison crisis in the OSCE: disproportionally high number of prisoners, both in absolute and relative terms; overcrowding; in many countries continuing practice of torture and inhuman prison conditions

‣ Strong reliance on retributive justice and malfunctioning of administration of justice (corruption, being „tough on crime“, excessive length of proceedings) as main reasons for torture and prison crisis

‣ Undermining of the rule of law in the fight against terrorism (secret detention, torture, illegal rendition flights, unfair trials)

‣ Significant disparities between best practice (e.g. Denmark) and serious violations of international human rights law

‣ Unproportionally high percentage of violations of the CCPR found in relation to post-Soviet States

48

7. CONCLUSION

49

Thank you for your attention!