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Training reportTraining report

ManufacturingManufacturing practicepractice

IITT COLLEGE OFIITT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

POJEWAL (NAWANSHAHR) (PB)

Submitted to: Submitted to: Mr. Gurnnam Singh Mr. Gurnnam Singh (Head, Department of M.P.)(Head, Department of M.P.)

Submitted by:Submitted by:Dushmanta NathDushmanta Nath

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Roll no: 81301113016Roll no: 81301113016Branch: ITBranch: IT

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INTRODUCTION

AIM: To be familiar with different types of operations which are carried out in the carpentry shop and to make a job of the given dimensions by using different tools in carpentry

TOOLS USED: Hand saw, Steel rule, Iron Jack Plane, Bench Vice, Chisel, Mallet etc.

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURE: The different types of operations to be carried out in the carpentry shop and the procedure is given as follows:

1. CUTTING: The desired raw material was cut from a given material of wood.

2. DIMENSIONING: The two pieces were dimensioned according to given size.

3. PLANING: Both the pieces were planted with help of Iron Jack Plane.

4. GROOVING: One piece was grooved with help of chisel and mallet and the other was fitted into it by striking it with mallet.

5. FINISHING: The job was then given a finishing touch with help of Iron Jack Plane and was checked with help of Try Square In that way the job was prepared.

PRECAUTIONS: The following precautions should be kept in mind:

1. The tools which are under operation should not be blunt.

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2. The job should be tightened in the bench vice up to the desired strength i.e. neither too tight nor too loose.

3. The wastes or the wooden pieces should not be thrown on the ground as they may strike somebody's foot.

4. After the job is complete all the tools should be replaced properly to their original places

CARPENTRY TOOLS

In the carpentry shop the tools are classified as under: Measuring Tools Marking Tools Cutting Tools Planning Tools Drilling and Boring Tools Holding Tools Striking Tools Sharpening Tools

1. MEASURING TOOLS:

(a)Fourfold box wood rule: It is marked with inch and millimeter scale. It is used for marking and measuring.

(b) Steel rule: It is made up of stainless steel and is marked with scale.

(c)Contraction scale: It is also a rule type scale used for making patterns. Casting allowances are added to this scale.

(d) Inch tape : It is made up of a flexible thin strip. It is folded around a centre pin attached with a small handle. It is graduated.

2. MARKING TOOLS:

(a) Pencil: Lead pencil is generally used for marking purposes.

(b) Scriber: It has a sharp conical edge used to mark on even hard surfaces. The front edge is hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is made up of carbon steel.

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(c) Marking gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines. The movable portion of the gauge is adjusted to suitable position and is tightened on to stem.

(d) Mortise gauge: It is to draw parallel lines. Its working is similar to marking gauge except that it has two sharp edges, one adjustable and the other adjustable or fixed.

(e) Try Square: It is used to draw lines at right angle, parallel or to check the trueness of planned surfaces. It is made up of a steel blade with a heavy base.

(f) Bevel: It consists of a wooden handle fitted with an adjustable blade. The blade can be rotated by 180' with respect to handle. It is used for marking various angles.

(g) Compass / Dividers: These are used for dividing equal no. of parts and for drawing arcs and circles. It consists of two legs with a spring on the top of the legs. A screw is also attached at centre of legs for adjustment.

3. CUTTING TOOLS:

Saw and chisel are used as cutting tools in carpentry shop.

SAW: A saw is a multi-tooth tool made up of thin sheet attached with a wooden handle. Its teeth are ground and sharpened to achieve smooth cutting.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAW :

(a) Rip Saw:

It is a hand saw from 30cm to 75 cm long, containing one to one and half teeth per cm. It should not be called a hand saw but a rip saw only.

(b) Tendon Saw:

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It derives its name from tenor name of joint. It is a thin saw ranging from 20 cm to 40 cm in length and is supported by back of wrought iron or brass, hence it is also called back saw. It contains about 4 teeth per cm.

(c) Coping Saw:

It is used for cutting sharp or quick curves either internal or external.

(d) Compass Saw:

It is a short narrow saw tapering towards the point, used for cutting sweep sand large interior curves by hand, sometimes termed as table saw

(e) Keyhole Saw:

It is used for cutting thick internal curves where it is impossible to use other saws.

(f) Cross-Cut Saw:

It is a saw provided with two handles, one at each end use for cutting heavy timber across the grains.

(g) Bow Saw:

It consists of a wooden frame, a bar, a string, lever and two handles. It is used to produce curved surfaces with quick turns. The blade is tightened with help of string and lever.

SETTING OF SAW TEETH:

The teeth of saw are bend in opposite direction alternatively. It is known as saw teeth setting. It is to form a clearance b/w two cutting edges so that the saw may work without any restriction.

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CHISELS:

There are three types of chisels commonly used in carpentry shop.(a) Firmer Chisel: It is a general purpose chisel used to finish inside grooves. It has various sizes of cutting edge depending upon the work to be done. Width varies from 5 mm to 35 mm.(b) Mortise Chisel: It is used to make mortises. Mortise chisel is used for heavy cuts. The blade thickness varies from 5 mm to 12 mm.(c) Gauge Chisel: It is used to finish curved holes. Gauge chisels are of two type’s i.e. inside and outside.

4. PLANING TOOLS: For wood working processes the following planes are used:(a) Wooden Jack Plane: Its body is made of beach wood. These are available from 350 mm to 425 mm in length and with blades from 50 mm to 75 mm in width.(b) Iron Jack Plane: Its whole body is made of cast iron, provided with a wooden handle at the back and wooden knob at the front for holding it with both hands. These planes are 125 mm to 250 mm in length with blade width from 30 mm to 60 mm.(c) Trying Plane: It is nothing but a longer wooden jack plane, the length of stock varying from 500 mm to 760 mm. It is used for precision finishing work after the surface is prepared by the jack plane.

5. DRILING AND BORING TOOLS: These are used for producing holes in wood. Some commonly used tools are as follows:(a) Auger: It is a steel bar having an eye at one end to fix the handle and has a screw point at the other end.(b) Gimlet: Its cutting edge is like that of a twist drill and is used to bore small holes in the wood.(c) Brace and bits: A brace is an appliance used for holdings different types of bits for producing holes in wood.The most useful is ratchet brace as shown in fig. The common types of bits used in conjunction with a brace are as follows:

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1. Centre bit2. Auger bit3. Counter-sink bit4. Nose bit 5. Spoon bit

(d) Hand drill: It consists of a forged body, on the top which is provided a wooden handle and at the bottom a chuck.It is used for drilling small holes only.

6. HOLDING DEVICES:1. Carpenter's bench2. Carpenter's vice3. Bar or T-cramp4. C-clamp5. Hand screw

7.STRIKING TOOLS:(a)Mallet: It is made of hard wood and is rectangular or round in shape, provided with a wooden handle.

(b)Claw hammer: It is made of steel and carries the striking face at one end and the claw at the other. The face is used to drive the nails into the wood and claw for extracting nails out of the wood.

(c)Pean hammer: It may be a ball pean or cross pean hammer. It is used for driving in nails.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

AIM: To be familiar with diff. types of operations which are carried out in the fitting shop and to make the job of the given dimensions

TOOLS USED: Hacksaw, Bastard file, dead smooth file, Bench Vice, Steel Rule, Scriber, Try Square etc.

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURE: The diff. types of operations carried out are as follows:

1. DIMENSIONING: The required raw material was cut from the given piece of iron with help of hacksaw and desired dimensions were made on the cut piece with the help of a scriber.

2. CUTTING: The job was then fitted in the vice and was cut according to the dimensions made on it.

3. FINISHING: The job was first made fine with the help of bastard file and then with help of dead smooth file and then job was checked with help of try square.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Hacksaw should be used very carefully as it can break by a little wrong movement

2. Dimensioning made should be very accurate.

3. The tools used should be replaced to their original places after the job is complete.

4. Avoid wearing loose clothes.

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In fitting shop unwanted material is removed with the help of hand tools. Commonly used tools are hacksaw, files, chisels etc.

TOOLS USED IN FITTING SHOP:

Fitting shop tools are classified as under: 1. Clamping tools 2. Measuring and Marking tools 3. Cutting tools 4. Striking tools 5. Drilling tools

1.1. CLAMPING TOOLS:CLAMPING TOOLS:

Bench Vice: It is a common tool used for holding jobs. It consists of cast iron body and cast iron jaws. Two jaw plates are fitted on both the jaws. Jaw plates are made up of high carbon steel and are wear resistant. One jaw is fitted to the body and the other slides on a square threaded screw with the help of a handle. The jaws are opened up to a required length, job is placed in b/w the jaws.

(a) Pin Vice: It is used to hold wire or small diameter rods. It consists of a small chuck made up of tool steel and a mild steel handle.

(b) Pipe Vice: It is used to hold pipes. It consists of a vertical screw with square threads. A handle is attached on top of the screw. A movable jaw is fixed on the lower end of screw. It grips the pipe at four ends.

2. MEASURING AND MARKING TOOLS:

(a) Try Square(b) Bevel Protector(c) Combination Set(d) Centre Square(e) Scriber and Surface Gauge(f) Dot Punch(g) Centre Punch

(h) V-Block(i) Steel Rules

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(j) Micrometer(k) Dial Indicator(l) Dividers(m)Calipers

3. CUTTING TOOLS:

The chief cutting tools used in fitting are:1. Cold Chisels: It differs from other chisels by the fact that it has no wooden handle. It is made of goodgrade tool steel with a hardened cutting edge and a beveled head at the other end.2. Hacksaw: Hand Hacksaw consists of a metal frame, fitted with a wooden handle. The blades are made of carbon or high speed steel. The best all round blade for hand use is the one with 16 to 18 teeth per 25 mm.

Setting of teeth: This is done to increase the width of the cut slightly larger than the blade thickness to facilitate smooth cutting operation and removal of saw dust. For blades with 1 mm pitch; one tooth is set to the right, one to the left and one is left unset. For blades with higher pitch each tooth is set alternatively.

3. Files: A file is a hardened piece of high grade steel with slanting rows of teeth. It is used to cut smoother fit metal parts. It cuts only on the forward stroke.

4. STRIKING TOOLS: The various types of hammers used are:1. Ball-pean hammer2. Straight-pean hammer3. Cross-pean hammer4. Double-faced hammer5. Lead hammer6. Raw-hide headed hammer

5. DRIILING TOOLS: Drills: The following two types of drills are commonly used:1. Flat drill2. Twist drillDrilling machines and appliances:1. Hand drill2. Breast drill

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3. Ratchet brace4. Portable electric hand drill

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INTRODUCTION

AIM: To be familiar with welding process and diff. types of welding operations to be carried out in welding shop

TOOLS USED: Hacksaw, anvil, welding electrodes, protecting glasses, scriber, welding set.

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURE: The diff. types of operations are:

1. CUTTING: The required raw material is cut from a huge piece of iron.

2. DIMENSIONING: The dimensions were made on the material with the help of scriber.

3. EARTHING: Now the work piece was earthed through the welding set and was placed on the anvil for welding purpose. 4. WELDING: The work pieces were then welded with the help of welding set by keeping the protecting glasses in b/w the eyes and work piece.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. The work pieces should be put on the anvil in the position in which we want to join them.

2. Welding should be done only by wearing protective glasses on eyes to protect them from harmful radiations.

3. After the welding is over the job must be kept on the anvil until it is not cooled down.

4. Replace all the tools used to their original places after the job is completed.

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Welding is a process of joining two materials with the help of heat or pressure or by some other means. The cost of welding is very less as compared to other processes.

TYPES OF WELDING:

FORGE WELDING: In this two metal pieces are heated upto the plastic stage in the furnace. Then it is hammered so that a homogeneous mixture is formed at the joint.

GAS WELDING:

Gas welding is the process in which a gas flame is used to raise the temperature of the metals to be joined. The metals are heated up to melting. The metal flows and on cooling it solidifies. A filler metal may be added to the flowing molten metal to fill up cavity made during the end preparation. Many combinations of gases are used in gas welding but the most common of these is oxygen and acetylene.

OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING:

This process can be used for almost all the metals and alloys used for engg purposes. A temperature flame of 3200 degree Celsius can be produced by this method. There are two systems of oxy-acetylene welding.

1. High pressure system: In this process the oxygen and acetylene are taken for use from high pressure cylinders.

2. Low pressure system: In this system oxygen is taken from low pressure cylinder and acetylene is produced by the action of calcium carbide and water.

Principle of oxy-acetylene welding: A very hot flame is produced by burning of the gases coming from the torch tip. The edges to be welded are heated to melting. A filler metal is also added to complete the welding. This molten metal mixture when solidifies on cooling forms a welded joint.

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Apparatus:

1. Oxygen cylinder2. Acetylene cylinder3. Pressure gauge4. Valve5. Hose pipes6. Torch7. Welding tip8. Pressure regulators9. Lighter10. Goggles

Oxygen and acetylene cylinders are filled with gases. Both cylinders are attached with pressure gauges, regulators and cylinder valves.

Applications:

All the metals can be welded with proper filler metals. Same equipment may be used for cutting purposes.Oxy-acetylene welding is particularly used for sheet metal work.

Advantages of oxy-acetylene welding:

1. Equipment is cheap.2. It can be used for welding all metals.3. Maintenance of equipment is very less.4. It is a portable process.5. It is specially used for sheet metal work.

Disadvantages:

1. It takes long time to heat the job as compared to arc welding.2. Heat affected area is more.3. Gases are expensive and difficult to store.

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TYPES OF GAS FLAMES:

There are three types of gas flames:1. Oxidizing flame2. Carburizing flame3. Neutral flame

1. Oxidizing flame:

When the volume of oxygen gas is more than that of acetylene mixed into the torch then the flame produced is called oxidizing flame. This flame is used for welding brass and also for cutting the metals. The ratio of oxygen to acetylene varies from about 1.2 to 1.5.

2. Carburizing flame:

The ratio of oxygen to acetylene is 0.9 to 1. It is also called a reducing flame and has a temperature of 3040 degree celsius.It is used to join those materials which are readily oxidized.

3. Neutral flame:

When the ratio of oxygen and acetylene is equal, a neutral flame is obtained. It has a temperature of 3250 degree celsius. It does not react chemically with the parent metal and protects it from oxidation.

Types of welded joints:

The type of joint is determined by the relative positions of the two pieces being joined.The following are the five basic types of commonly used joints:1. Lap joint2. Butt joint3. Corner joint4. Edge joint5. T-jointThe figures of these joints have been given.

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Welding Positions:

It is easiest to make welds in flat positions. The common welding positions are:1. Flat position2. Horizontal position3. Vertical position4. Overhead position

Defective welds:

A weld not properly welded is a defective weld. A properly made weld should have following characteristics:1. The weld should not crack in the bend test.2. Its appearance should be ripple like and not spongy.3. It should not have cavities and the grain size should be uniform.

Defects in welding:

Some important welding defects are:1. Cracked welds2. Porous welds3. Insufficient penetration4. Non-uniform uneven weld5. Warping

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INTRODUCTION

AIM: To make a job of the given dimensions by using different tools in smithy.

TOOLS USED: Furnace, anvil, hammers, tongs, clamping devices.

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURE:

1.DRAWING: It is the process in which a red hot metal piece is beaten up by a hammer. The thickness of diameter is decreased but length increases.

2. UPSETTING: It is the process in which the diameter of the hot work piece is increased and length is reduced. Hot metal piece is placed on the anvil in vertical position. It is struck with a hand hammer.

3. SWAGING: It is a process used toy form a finished different shapes such as hexagonal etc.

4. BENDING: The process of giving desired angles or curvature to hot pieces is known as bending.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The fire should be lightened in the furnace very carefully.

2. All the exhaust gases and smoke should go to the chimney.

3. The metal piece should be neither overheated nor under heated.

4. Never hold the hammer and tongs loose while working.

5. Never wear silky clothes while working in smithy shop.

The process of giving desired shape to a metal piece by heating and hammering is known as forging. The metal piece is heated up to forging temperature. The processes involved in forging are hammering, pressing, swaging, bending and flattening etc.

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FORGING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS:

1. Furnace or Hearth2. Anvil3. Hammer4. Tongs5. Chisel6. Flatter or Flattener7. Swages, Top and Bottom8. Punches9. Hardie

10. Gouge

1. FURNACE OR HEARTH: It is used for heating the metal piece. Furnace consists of four legs, a cast iron or steel body, iron bottom, a chimney or a blower. Its main parts are:

(a) Hearth(b) Tuyere(c) Hood(d) Chimney(e) Water tank

2. ANVIL: A block on which forging work is done is known as anvil. It is made up of cast iron, steel or wrought iron.It is either supported on an iron base or mounted on the foundation3. HAMMER: Various kinds of hammers such as sledge hammers, straight hammers, flat and cross peans, Smith's ball pean hammer etc. are used in smithy.

4. TONGS: These are used to hold the hot jobs.

5. CHISEL: It is used to the metal.

6. FLATTER OR FLATTENER: It is used to give smooth finish to flat surfaces.

7. SWAGES, TOP AND BOTTOM: To shape convex surfaces and to give finish to round, square, hexagonal or octagonal shaped sections.

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8. PUNCHES: To make recesses of any shape in hot metal.

9. HARDIE: To nick the bar and to shape the cold work.

10. GOUGE: To cut plates to curves.

FORGING TEMPERATURE RANGE OF VARIOUS METALS:

Metals Temperature (degree celsius)

1. Aluminum and magnesium alloys 350 to 500

2. Copper, Brass and Bronze 600 to 950

3. Mild steel 750 to 1300

4. Wrought iron 900 to 1300

5. Medium carbon steel 750 to 1250

6. High carbon and alloy steels 800 to 1150

7. Stainless steel 940 to 1180

Defects in forging:

The defects found in forgings are due to one or more of the following reasons:

1. Poor quality of metal

2. Improper heating of component for forging

3. Incorrect die design

4. Faulty forging design

5. Defective forging methods

6. Uneven cooling of stock after forging

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Some of the defects found in forging are as follows:

1. Longitudinal cracks

2. Transverse cracks

3. Hair cracks

4. Mismatched forgings

5. Scale pits

6. Fiber flow lines discontinued

7. Oversize components

8. Burnt and overheated metal

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INTRODUCTION

FOUNDRY: The place where jobs are prepared by melting and pouring the molten metal into moulds is known as foundry.

MOULD: A mould is a cavity so prepared that it can be used to make castings by molten into it.

PATTERN: Pattern is a model of anything which is used to prepare moulds by placing it in sand.TOOLS USED IN FOUNDRY

Lifter Showel Trowel Hand riddle Strike off bar Vent Wire Draw spike Rammers Slicks Smoothers and corner slicks Mallet Swab Sprue cutter Spure pin Nails and wire pieces Draw screws and rapping plate Moulding boxes or flasks Bellow Ladles Crucibles

PATTERN MAKING:Pattern is an mirror image of the casting, when it is used with suitable mouiding material it forms a cavity called as mould. Requirements of pattern making are:

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Pattern Material: Plaster Metals Plastics Wax

TYPES OF PATTERNS: Single piece pattern Two piece or split pattern Multi piece pattern Match plate patterns Gates pattern Skeleton pattern Sweep pattern Pattern with loose pieces Cope and drag pattern Follow board pattern Segmental pattern

DESIGN CONSIDERATION IN PATTERNThe following points should be considered, while designing a pattern:

Proper allowances should be provided. The parting line should be carefully selected. A proper material should always be selected. The wall thickness and section should be kept as uniform as

possible. Abrupt changes should be avoided. Use of offset should be encouraged to as great extent as it is

possible. For large scale production of small casting, the use of gated

or match-plate pattern should be encouraged. All sharp corners and edges should be invariably provided

with suitable fillets to enable an easy withdrawal of pattern, smooth flow of molten metal and ensure a sound casting.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

AIM: To be familiar with the diff. types of operations which are carried out in the sheet metal shop and to make a job of the given dimensions.

TOOLS USED: Steel rule, Steel square, Divider, Centre punch, Straight snips, Mallet.

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURE: The diff. types of operations to be carried out in the sheet metal shop and the procedure followed is given as below:

1. MEASURING AND MARKING: A standard size sheet may have to be cut so that each piece being sufficient for making one such component.

2. LAYING OUT: Laying out means the operation of scribing the development of the surface of the component on the sheet/ sheet blank, together with overlapping, bending and hammering etc.

3. CUTTING: The sheet metal is cut with the help of snips.

4. HAND FORMING: The term metal forming stands for shaping and / or bending of sheet in three dimensions in order to give it a desired shape and size of the final product.

5. EDGE FORMING AND WIRING: The edges of the sheet metal products are formed to ensure safety of hands and to provide stiffness to the products.

6. BENDING: Sheet metal is required to be bent at different angles to shape it into the required form.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Hammering should not be done in lazy mood.2. Heavy blows should not be given on the tail of the anvil.3. Hammer should have proper handle length.4. Blunt chisels should not be used.5. Dimensioning of the metal sheet should be done accurately.

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Sheet metal work is regarded as working of thin metallic sheet with hand tools and simplest machines. Many important engg. Articles made up of sheet metal find their application in houses, agriculture, machinery, decorative articles etc.

TYPES OF SHEET METALS:

1. Steel (ferrous) sheets2. Non-ferrous sheets3. Coated (galvanized) sheets4. Uncoated (plain) sheets

TOOLS USED IN SHEET METAL SHOP: Various hand tools are used in sheet metal as described below:

MARKING TOOLS:

Marking tools are used in sheet metal shop according to required dimensions. Various marking tools are:

1. Steel Rule:

These are available in variety of sizes. The rule could be steel foot rule, folding rule or tape rule.

2. Steel Square:

It is an L-shaped piece of hardened steel. It is used to make square corners. It is also used for checking and marking angles.

3. Scriber:

It is a steel wire of 200 mm length with one end sharp and hardened to mark lines on metallic sheet.

4. Divider:

It is used to scribe arcs on metallic sheets.5.Trammel Points:

It is used for drawing large circles and arcs. It has two straight, removable legs tapered to needle pointand mounted on separate holders.

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6. Punches:

The following two punches are used:(a) Prick Punch(b) Centre Punch

(a) Prick Punch:

It is used for making indentation marks for locating the centre position for dividers having included angle of 30 degree.

(b) Centre Punch:

It is used for marking the location of points and the centre of holes to be drilled. Its tapered point is grounded to 90 degree included angle.

CUTTING TOOLS:

Cutting tools used in this shop are:

1. Straight Snips:

For cutting along straight line, straight snip is used whose blades are straight. It is used to cut 22 S.W.G or lighter. To cut sheets of greater thickness lever shearing machine is used.

2. Bent Snips:

Blades are curved back from the cutting edge, which allows the metal to slide over the blades.

3. Chisels:

These are generally used in sheet metal shop for cutting sheets, rivets and bolts.

4. Striking Tools:

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Hammers Ball Pean hammer Square face hammer Raising hammer Riveting hammer

5. Supporting Tools:

Hand stake Half round stake Taper stake Grooving stake Hose stake

SHEET METAL OPERATIONS:

Measuring and marking Laying out Hand cutting and shearing Hand forming Nibbling Circle cutting Piercing and blanking Edge forming and wiring Joint making Bending Drawing

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INTRODUCTION

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AIM: To make a job on lathe machine of given dimensions.

OBJECTIVE: To be familiar with diff. tubes of operations carried out in machine shop.

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURE:

1. CUTTING: The desired raw material was cut from a given long rod of iron.

2. MARKING: The job was marked the desired dimensions up to which it was to turned taper and parallel.

3. TIGHTENING: The job was then tightened into the chuck and then its centre was checked with the help of surface gauge.

4. FACING: The facing of the job was done on both ends with the help of tool fitted in the tool post.

5. TAPER TURNING: The job was then turned taper by rotating the cross-slide at desired angle.

6. FILING: Now the job was made fine with the help of bastard file and then by dead smooth file.Hence the job got ready by passing through the diff. operations with which we were made familiar.

The shop where most of the work is performed on different machines is called machine shop. In machine shop, the raw material is cut, machined, formed or shaped with the help of machine.Different machines used in machine shop are:-1. Lathe machine2. Shaper3. Milling machine4. Planning machine5. Drilling machine6. Grinding machine7. Threading machine.

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Some of t he machines are explained below:-LATHE:-A lathe is a powered mechanical device in which the work is held and rotated against a suitable cutting tool for producing cylindrical forms in the metal, wood or any other machinable material.

Parts of lathe:

1. Bed: It is a geavy rigid casting made in one piece. It is the base or foundation of the lathe.

2. Headstock: It is permanently fastened to the inner ways at the left hand end of the bed. It serves to support the spindle and driving arrangements.

3. Tailstock: It is situated at the right hand end of the bed. It is used to support the right end of the work.

4. Carriage: It controls and supports the cutting tool. It has the following five parts:

Saddle: It is a H-shaped casting fitted over the bed. It moves along the guide ways.

Cross-slide: It carries the compound slide and tool post; can be moved by hand or by power.

Compound rest: It is marked in degrees; used during taper turning to set the tool for angular cuts.

Tool post: The tool is clamped on the tool post.

Apron: It is attached to the saddle and hangs in front of the bed.

Lathe operations:

Facing Rough turning Shouldering Radius turning Necking

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Taper turning Thread cutting Forming Chamfering Knurling Drilling Boring Counter sinking Counter boring

SHAPER:

It is a reciprocating type of machine tool intended primarily to produce vertical, horizontal or inclined flat surfaces. The cutting tool cuts only in the forward stroke.

Classification of shaper:

1. According to the type of the mechanism used for giving reciprocating motion to the ram:

Crank type Geared type Hydraulic type

2. According to the position and travel of ram:

Horizontal type Vertical type Travelling head type

3. According to the type of cutting stroke:

Push type Draw type

4. According to the type of design of the table:

Standard shaper Universal shaper

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Principal parts:

1. Base: It is made of cast iron to resist vibration and takes up high compressive load.

2. Column: It is a box like casting mounted upon the base. It encloses ram driving mechanism.3.Ram: It is a reciprocating member which reciprocates on the guide ways above the column.

4. Cross-rail: It is mounted on the front vertical guide ways of the column. it has two parallel guide ways on its top.

5. Table: It is made of cast iron and is rectangular in shape. It has T- slots on its top surface.

DRILLING MACHINE:

It is one of the simplest, moderate and accurate machine tool used in production shop and tool room. Its chief function is to make holes. Drilling is the process of making hole or enlarging a hole in an object by forcing a rotating tool called "Drill". Operations performed:

Reaming Boring Counter sinking Tapping

Classification of drilling machines:

Hand drill - power operated Bench drilling machine Upright drilling machine Radial drilling machine Multi-spindle drilling machine

GRINDING MACHINES:

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Grinding is a metal cutting operation performed by a rotating abrasive tool, called “grinding wheel". Such wheels are made of fire grains of abrasive materials held together by a bonding material called a "Bond".

Grinding wheel:

It is a multi- tooth cutter made up of many hard particles known as "abrasives" which have been crushed to leave sharp edges which do the cutting.

Abrasives: these are substances used for grinding and polishing operations. Abrasives may be classified as follows:1. Natural:

Sandstone Emery Corundum Diamonds

2. Artificial:

Silicon carbide Aluminum oxide

FINALLY, SPECIALLY THANKS TO OUR PRINCIPAL WHO PROVIDES US TO ALL EQUIPMENT AND NECESSORY MACHINES TO DO ALL PRACTICAL WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR OUR FUTURE’S WORK AS WELL AS OUR PRACTICAL LIFE. AND NO DOUGHT HE PROVIDED US A WELL EDUCATED

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FACULTIES AND THEY (FACULTIES) GIVE US THEIR BEST.

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