Matter.pand cproperties.labrules

PHYSICAL SCIENCE UNIT NOTES

Including Goals & Key Vocabulary

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Physical Science Unit Goals

1. I know how matter is organized and can describe characteristics

of matter. 2. I am able to identify an open or closed system and analyze the

inputs and outputs of matter and energy in different systems.

3. I can describe a physical and chemical property and explain what

a physical and chemical change is.

4. I can visualize how solids, liquids, and gases behave in a

container and describe the properties of each state of matter.

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Key Physical Science Vocabulary

Atom – basic units of matter. Each atom contains a number of these 3 particles, protons (+), neutrons (no charge) & electrons (-)Element – fundamental particles from which all other substances are made of. Each element has a unique number of protons and is made of one and only one type of atomCharacteristics of Matter (There are 4) 1. Matter is made up of atoms or molecules. (atoms make up molecules) 2. Has mass (weight). 3. Takes up space (volume). 4. Is found in at least 5 states: Plasma (Very Hot!) Gas Liquid, Solid, Bose Einstein Condensate (Very Cold!)Chemical Change - In a Chemical Change occurs when one starts when 2 or more substances react and creates entirely different substances.Compounds – 2 or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio (i.e. CO2)Conservation of Matter – A law that states that matter is always conserved during a chemical reaction. a. This means the atoms of the reacting materials ( the reactants ) are not destroyed. Instead the atoms are rearranged to form new materials ( the products ). b. Also the combined masses of the reactants are the same as the combined masses of the products.Cycling - When matter stays in the system & cycles between states of matter or substances.

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Energy - "Energy Is the Ability to Do Work." Energy can be found in a number of different

forms. It can be chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light (radiant

energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy

Input – When matter or energy comes into a system.

Output - When matter or energy leave a system.

Matter Objects that take up space and have mass are matter. Sugar is made of matter.

Mixture – When 2 or more substances combine, yet retain their individual properties. (i.e.

Italian dressing, Zinc)

Molecule – When 2 or more atoms bond together chemically. (O2, CO2, C6H12O6)

Periodic Table – A list of all elements by their atomic weight as well as chemical & physical

properties.

Physical Change – A change in the form/shape of matter, but not its chemical composition.

(i.e. Big salt crystals crushed into small salt crystals).

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Properties of Matter:

Chemical Property - A property that can only be observed or measured by changing the

substance’s chemical identity. Chemical Properties include: Reactivity, Toxicity,

Flammability, pH, Heat of combustion, Chemical stability

Physical Property - A property that can be observed or measured without changing the

matter’s identity. Physical properties include: melting point, texture, boiling point, color,

hardness, odor, density, solubility, etc.

States of Matter – The forms that different phases of matter take. The five are, listed from

least energy to the most energy contained in the matter, are: Bose Einstein Condensate,

Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma,

Systems

Open System – a system in which energy and matter can flow in and out of the system

Closed System - a system in which energy can flow, but matter cannot leave and is

cycled within the systemjschmied©2014

Determining Open & Closed Systems

Open System Closed System

Matter

Energy

The movement of Matter in a system determines if a system is open or closed.

• If matter flows in and/or out of a system, the system is Open

• If matter cycles within a system, the system is Closed.

Can Flow In &/or Out Cycles within

Flows through Flows through

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Systems Analysis Color KeyConservation of Matter and Systems

Energy Out

1. I am able to identify an open or closed system and analyze the inputs and outputs of matter and energy in different systems.

Matter In

Energy In

Matter Out

Matter Cycling

Energy

Matter

Closed System

Open System

System Boundaries

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Conservation of Matter - SystemsMatter can not be created nor destroyed……

it simply changes to a different form!

Open Jar Closed Jar

I can properly set the boundary, as well as diagram the inputs, outputs and flows of

matter and energy in any system!

I am able to identify an open or closed system and analyze the inputs and outputs of matter and energy in different systems.

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Examining the Atom

Nucleus

Carbon atom

Carbon is also an element as it is made of only one type of atom.

Carbon Dioxide Molecule All molecules have two or more atoms

bonded together. • There are 3 atoms in the CO2 molecule

above.• CO2 is also a compound since it has 2

or more different atoms bonded together

• I know what matter is made up of… ….and can describe characteristics of matter

The number of Protons an atomhas determines which element the atom is!

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What is a Periodic Table?A table organized by Weights & Properties of Elements

In 1869, a Russian chemist named Dmitriy Mendeleev came up with a way of organizing the elements that were known at the time.

Dmitriy set the elements out in order of atomic weight. Next he grouped

the elements into rows and columns based on chemical and physical properties

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http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/periodic_table/atomic_weight.html

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/periodic_table/atomic_weight.html

Decoding the Periodic Table


Be able to name at least three common elements, Including a solid, liquid & gas at room temp!

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The number of Protons an atomhas determines which element the atom is!

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Directions: Use a Periodic Table to fill in the rest of this data table .

• I know what matter is made up of… and can name common elements.

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How to Count the number of elements & atoms.

= 1 Sodium atom & 1 Chlorine atom = 2 elements, 1 atom

= 2 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Sulfur atom & 4 Oxygen atoms = 3 Elements, 7 Atoms total. This is an inorganic compound

= 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen = Sugar3 Elements, 24 atoms total. This is an organic compound asit has both Carbon & Hydrogen

Au Cl Hg Single elements. Each one atom

H2 O2

H2O CO2

2 elements, each 2 atoms. Both = Molecules

= 1 Nitrogen atom & 2 Oxygen atoms = 2 elements, 1 atom

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NO2

NaCl

H2SO4

C6H12O6

2 elements, 3 atoms. Both = Molecules & Compounds

What are the Four Characteristics of Matter?

1. Matter is made up of atoms or molecules. (atoms make up molecules)

2. Has mass (weight)

3. Takes up space (volume)

4. Is found in at least 5 states:

• Plasma (Very Hot!)• Gas• Liquid• Solid• Bose Einstein Condensate (Very Cold!)

The Sun has Matter in the Plasma state

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Physical Properties:….. A property that can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity. Physical properties include:

appearance melting point

texture boiling point

color hardness

odor density

solubility

mass and many others.

jschmied©2012http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/images/2_0_0_0/2222screen2.jpghttp://www.gemstonebuzz.com/files/emerald.jpg

Physical Properties:

….. A property that can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity.

Example: Gold is:

• a shiny yellow metal

• able to be shaped, easily bent

• melts at 1064°C

• boils at 2856°C and is a

• solid at room temperature

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What is a Physical Change?

A Change of state is a change from one state of matter to another.A Physical change is a change in appearance of a matter.

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What is a Physical Change?A “physical change” is simply done

by changing the appearance of matter.

Add energy

Paper Crumpled Paper

Start with Paper, end with the same amount of paper!

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What is a Change of State?A Change of state is a change from

one state of matter to another.

Take awayEnergy Ice (H2O)Water (H2O)

Start with H2O and end with the same amount of H2O!

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… any of a material's properties that can be observed during a chemical reaction.

Chemical Properties include: • Reactivity • Toxicity • Flammability • pH• Heat of combustion • Chemical stability

… A quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.

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What are Chemical Properties?

… any of a material's properties that can be observed during a chemical reaction.

For example,1. Hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions. 2. Zinc reacts with Hydrochloric acid to produce Hydrogen gas.

… A quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.

http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/svet/175001-vzducholod-hindenburg-titanic-nebes/

What are Chemical Properties?

I can describe a physical and chemical property and explain what a physical & chemical change is.jschmied©2014

What is a Chemical Change?

A Chemical Change occurs when one starts with 2 or more substances & they react and create

Entirely different substances.

CO2 + H20 + Sunlight O2 + Sugar or Cellulose

In a plant’sChlorophyll

Reactants Products

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States of Matter Physical Changes of State

I can describe a physical and chemical property and explain what a

physical and chemical change is.jschmied©2012

Relationship of Physical & Chemical Changes

ChemicalPhysical

Physical Change Physical Changeof State

When one or more substancesREACT with another (or more) to produce Entirely Different

Substances

• Shattered Wine Glass• Shredded Paper• Breaking a Rock• Chipping Ice• Sharpening Pencil

A change in the appearance of a substance.

A change from one State of Matter to

another

• H2O(liq) -> H2O(gas)• H20(solid) -> H2O(liq)• H2O(gas) -> H2O(liq)• H2O(solid)-> H2O(BEC)

Both start with a substance and end

with that SAME substance

• Burning Paper• Vinegar + Baking Soda =>• Gas + O2 + Thermal Energy• Na + Cl => NaCl

I can describe a physical and

chemical property and

explain what a physical &

chemical change is.

State & Properties of Matter

I can visualize how solids, liquids and gases behave in a container.

jschmied©2012http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter

State & Properties of Matter

I can visualize how solids, liquids and gases behave in a container.

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter jschmied©2014

1 ?2 ?

3 ?Liquid – Why?

Solid – Why?

Gas – Why?

Classification of Matter

• I understand the relationship between atoms, molecules, elements and compounds and ….• I know the differences between compounds and mixtures

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Classification of MatterMilestones

• I understand the relationship between atoms, molecules, elements and compounds and ….• I know the differences between compounds and mixtures

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Mixtures vs CompoundsOrganic vs Inorganic

Salt waterTea

Coffee

Milk

Italian Dressing

• I know the differences between compounds & mixtures and….. can give everyday examples of each.

Salt (NaCl)Distilled Water (H2O)

Wood (C6H10O5)

Sugar (C6H12O6)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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Review Conservation of MatterMatter can not be created nor destroyed……

I can tell if mass in a system is conserved (doesn’t change) I am able to Identify and analyze open and closed systems

Vinegar + Baking Soda

Reactants Products

Matter is always conserved during a chemical reaction. This means the atoms of the reacting materials ( the reactants ) are not destroyed just rearranged.• Instead the atoms are rearranged to form new materials ( the products ). • The combined masses of the reactants are the same as the combined masses

of the products.

Sodium Acetate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

The Mass Stays the same = Matter is conserved!

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10 g 10 g 9 g 9 g 2 g

Conservation of MatterMatter can not be created or destroyed - Systems

Thinking

=>+

2 g 32 g 34 gI can tell if mass in a system is conserved (doesn’t change) I am able to Identify and analyze open and closed systems

Reactants Product

Hydrogen (Gas) Oxygen (Gas) H2O (liquid)

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Conservation of MatterOpen or Closed System?


Closed Jar Closed Jar

+

2 g 32 g

34 g

=>

Start End

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Conservation of MatterOpen or Closed System?


Open Jar Open Jar

+

2 g 32 g

=>

Start End

31 g

3 g

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Physical Science Review Section

This section is a review of the learning goals you’ll want to master for the exam.

• Goal: I know what matter is made up of… ….and can describe characteristics of matter

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Know all the parts of the atom.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.akitarescueoftulsa.com/hydrogen-atom-model-diagram/&ei=cRqOVMjhDo61oQTj8YKQBA&bvm=bv.81828268,d.cGU&psig=AFQjCNHAtt3aBIuN5_NPBM7zLQU1YoKghA&ust=1418685373448028


Know what these items are without using a key

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Review – Periodic Table

Review – Decoding the Periodic TableDirections: Complete the Data Table for the 4 elements shown..

Copper Tin Barium Platinum

Cu

29

63.55

Sn

50

118.71

Ba

56

137.33

Pt

78

195.08

• I know what matter is made up of & can describe characteristics of matter jschmied©2014

Know how to find these data

without a key

Review – Characteristics of Matter

1. Is made up of atoms or molecules. (atoms make up molecules)

2. Has mass (weight)

3. Takes up space (volume)

4. Is found in at least 5 states

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Be able to recognize these characteristics & properties of

matter using an element example

Physical properties include: appearance

texture

color

odor

solubility

melting point

boiling point

hardness

density

Matter is:

I can describe a physical and chemical property and explain what a physical & chemical change is.

• I know what matter is made up of… ….and can name properties of at least 3 common elements.

I can name at least three common elements, Including a solid, liquid & gas at room temp!

Review – Know common elements

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Review – Atoms, Molecules, Compounds

I know the differences betweenatoms, elements, molecules, & Organic & Inorganic compounds!

Organic compounds have both Carbon & Hydrogen

I know how matter is organized and can describe characteristics of matter. jschmied©2014

Review – Mixtures & Molecules (Organic & Inorganic)

Salt waterTea

Coffee Salt (NaCl) ) = Inorganic compound

Distilled Water (H2O) = Inorganic compound

Wood (C6H10O5) = Organic compound

Milk

Italian Dressing

Sugar (C6H12O6) = Organic compound

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = Inorganic compound

• I know what matter is made up of & can describe characteristics of matter

I can tell the difference between Mixtures & Molecules and also organic & inorganic compounds

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Review - Finding the number of elements & atoms in a molecule.

= 1 Sodium atom & 1 Chlorine atom = 2 elements, 1 atom

= 2 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Sulfur atom & 4 Oxygen atoms = 3 Elements, 7 Atoms total. This is an inorganic compound

= 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen = Sugar3 Elements, 24 atoms total. This is an organic compound asit has both Carbon & Hydrogen

Au Cl Hg Single elements. Each one atom

H2 O2

H2O CO2

2 elements, each 2 atoms. Both = Molecules

= 1 Nitrogen atom & 2 Oxygen atoms = 2 elements, 1 atom

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NO2

NaCl

H2SO4

C6H12O6

2 elements, 3 atoms. Both = Molecules & Compounds

• I know what matter is made up of & can describe characteristics of matter

I can tell the amount of elements & atoms in a molecule

Review – Physical vs Chemical Properties

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Be able to recognize the differences between physical properties and

chemical properties. Physical properties include:

appearance

texture color

odor solubility

melting point

boiling point hardness

density

Chemical Properties include: • Reactivity • Toxicity • Flammability • pH• Heat of combustion • Chemical stability

I can describe a

physical and chemical

property and explain

what a physical &

chemical change is.

Review Relationship of Physical & Chemical Changes

ChemicalPhysical

Physical Change Physical Changeof State

When one or more substancesREACT with another (or more) to produce Entirely Different

Substances

• Shattered Wine Glass• Shredded Paper• Breaking a Rock• Chipping Ice• Sharpening Pencil

A change in the appearance of a substance.

A change from one State of Matter to

another

• H2O(liq) -> H2O(gas)• H20(solid) -> H2O(liq)• H2O(gas) -> H2O(liq)• H2O(solid)-> H2O(BEC)

Both start with a substance and end

with that SAME substance

• Burning Paper• Vinegar + Baking Soda =>• Gas + O2 + Thermal Energy• Na + Cl => NaCl

I can tell the difference between different

types of change AND give examples of each.


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Review – Physical states & characteristics of matter

I can visualize how solids, liquids, and gases behave in a container

and describe the properties of each state of matter.

Goal: I can tell at least 3 different characteristics of each state of matter,

including VRT

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Review States of Matter behavior in a containerStates and Properties of Matter

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A. B. C.

Which is which……and tell why this is so!

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter

Goal: I can tell the which state of matter is displayed in a diagramAnd explain 3 characteristics of each state of matter


Review - Conservation of Matter – Is this an Open or Closed System?

Will the mass change? Tell why or why not.

Closed Jar Closed Jar

3 g 48 g51 g

Chemicallycombine

=>

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Goal: I understand the Law of

Conservation of Matter

& can explain the law for both open &

closed systems

Review - What’s an Open or a Closed System

Open System Closed System

Matter

Energy

I can determine if a system is open or closed.

Can Flow In &/or Out Cycles within

Flows through Flows through


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Review - Step by step systems analysis

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a. Make a clear drawing of the scenario b. Organize your thoughts

• Choose a timeframe to diagram = > This may be given to you.• Pencil data in to start with. d. Identify if the system is Open or Closed & label. e. Trace the sources of matter or energy through the system. f. Draw all sources of energy and matter in & out of the system (if open).

• Use the Key and color code for each input/output. g. Use straight lines & clear labels (print on the horizontal). h. Double check your figure for errors.


H2O + O2 + CO2(Gases)

LightEnergy Thermal

Energy

I can tell if mass in a system is conserved (doesn’t change) I am able to Identify and analyze open & closed systems

LightEnergy

ThermalEnergy

H2O

H2O +O2 + CO2

(Gases)

H2O + O2 + CO2(Gases)

H2O + O2 + CO2

(Gases)

Start Mass 132.5g End Mass 126.4g Why?

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Review – System Analysis - Open System

=>



& can explain the law for

both open & closed systems

Review – System Analysis - Closed System


=>

H2O (gas)

H2O (liq)

H2O (gas)

H2O (liq)

LightEnergy

LightEnergy

ThermalEnergy

ThermalEnergy

Start Mass 132.5g End Mass 132.5g Why?

Start End

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& can explain the law for

both open & closed systems

Education

Matter.pand cproperties.labrules