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Proceedings available at: www.extension.org/67690 This research is evaluating management options for conventional hog producing facilities in regions of Manitoba that will have insufficient land base for sustainably applying raw slurry manure when manure application regulations switch from nitrogen based to phosphorus based rates. Producers are being encouraged to use solid-liquid separation, such as centrifugation, to remove the phosphorus rich solid fraction so that it can be transported and applied further away where there is a phosphorus deficiency. However, the resulting separated hog solids (SHS) product is still odorous and prone to nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization. Therefore, it has been suggested that composting the SHS before it is applied is a beneficial management practice that would allow producers to capitalize on agricultural and environmental benefits such as reduced odours, stabilization of minerals, application of a homogeneous product, and acts as a multi-beneficial soil conditioner. However, the low starting C:N of 15:1 and small particle size of SHS make it a unique and challenging product to compost in windrows, a common form of large production on-farm composting. The SHS must be combined with a bulking agent that allows adequate nutrient balance for decomposition as well as a porous structure. Therefore, this project is comparing wood shavings (WS) and wheat straw (WHT) as bulking agents to evaluate which is the better management practice based upon minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and additional nitrogen gas losses as well as overall quality of the mature compost.
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Measuring Greenhouse Gas and Nitrogen Gaseous Losses When Comparing Bulking Agents Used to Compost Separated Hog Solids
Waste to Worth Conference April 3, 2013
Jolene Rutter, MSc. Candidate, University of ManitobaMario Tenuta, Canada Research Chair in Applied Soil Ecology, University of Manitoba
Matt Gervais, Soil Ecology Field Technician, University of Manitoba
What is the Issue?
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006. A Geographical Profile of Manure Production in Canada, 2001
November 2013 implementation of Phosphorus (P) based manure application rates
Soil Test P Maximum Rate of Manure P Application
>180 ppm No P application
120-180 ppm Apply P up to 1x crop removal rate
60-120 ppm Apply P up to 2x crop removal rate
<60 ppm P Apply manure for crop N requirements
What is the Issue?
What is the Issue?
Feed Management Field Management Manure Treatment
Easy/simple Difficult/complex
Degree of Challenge to Eliminate Manure P Surplus
NCLES’s manure centrifuge toproduce solid and liquid products
Centrifuge set up at Puratone liquid hog slurry facility
Separated hog solids piled on siteSolids of liquid hog manure exitingthe centrifuge
Manure Treatment-Centrifugation
• Separated hog solids have low C:N (15:1); prone to nitrogen losses through NH3 volatilization and quite odorous.
Composting organic materials capitalizes on:
• Stabilizing nutrients- Storage- Transport
Why Compost the Solids?
Compost ManagementObjective 1: Evaluate management practices that reduce N losses and
GHG’s (CH4 and N2O)
(Photo Credit: Jenn Webb, Mb Conservation and Water Stewardship)
GASMET Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Gas Analyzer
LICOR LI-8100A-Automated Flux Chambers
Nearly continuous, simultaneous multi-gas flux measurements!
Monitoring GHG’s and N Gaseous Losses
LICOR multiplexerFTIR
Compost ManagementObjective 2: Evaluate if SHS can be composted starting in late fall/early
winter
Initial Trial
September 2011 Start October 2011 Start November 2011 Start
Dry, hot, and windy fall difficult to keep moist, temperature
declined
Added water October 11, 2012
Tem
p o C
0
20
40
60
80
Tem
p o C
0
20
40
60
80
Turned Compost Added Water
1 32 54 7
Sept 21, 2011Oct 6, 2011Oct 11, 2011
Oct 27, 2011Nov 3, 2011Nov 15, 2011
6
Nov 30, 2011
Dec 16, 2011Learning Experiences
On Dec 16, 2011 it was -10 ° C, turned compost. Too big of
shock to the system
Tem
p o C
0
20
40
60
80
Tem
p o C
0
20
40
60
80
Turned Compost Added Water
1 32 54 7
Sept 21, 2011Oct 6, 2011Oct 11, 2011
Oct 27, 2011Nov 3, 2011Nov 15, 2011
6
Nov 30, 2011
Dec 16, 2011Learning Experiences
Results from Initial TrialSeparated Hog Solids Compost Cattle Manure Compost
Trial 2:Evaluate Carbon Source
Woodshavings Wheat Straw
Tereza et al., 2011. Characterization of compost produced from separated pig manure and a variety of bulking agents at low initial C/N ratios. Bioresource Technology. 102, 7131-7138; Huang et al., 2004. Effect of C/N on composting of pig manure with sawdust. Waste Management. 24, 805-813)
Trial 2: Set up
Trial 2: Set upSun Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat
Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30
Nov 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Trial 2: In-situ Monitoring
Trial 2: Ex-Situ Monitoring
Daily CO2 Gas EmissionsNov 6. Straw smells “earthy”
Nov 22. Wood shavings smells “earthy”
Daily CO2 Gas EmissionsOct 22, 2012 Oct 30, 2012 Nov 6, 2012 Nov 15, 2012 Jan 10, 2013
Cumulative CO2 Gas EmissionsOct 22, 2012 Oct 30, 2012 Nov 6, 2012 Nov 15, 2012 Jan 10, 2013
Daily CH4 Gas Emissions
Daily CH4 Gas Emissions
Nov 1, 2012
Nov 15, 2012
Cumulative CH4 Gas EmissionsNov 15, 2012
Nov 1, 2012
Daily NH3 Gas Emissions
Vs
Cumulative NH3 Gas Emissions
Vs
Daily N2O Gas Emissions
(Ahn et al., 2011. Pile mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure. Bioresource Technology. 102, 2904-2909; Sommer and Moller, 2000. Emission of greenhouse gases during composting of deep litter from pig production – effect of straw content. The Journal of Agricultural Science.134, 327-335)
Cumulative N2O Gas Emissions
Cumulative N2O Gas Emissions
Winter Turning
January 8th , 2013
• Wood shavings are effective at minimizing NH3 losses, but would need to manage moisture content and aeration more effectively to minimize GHG’s
• Composting the separated hog solids during fall and early winter composting is possible in our cold climate
Summary
• Funding Partners:– Western Economic Diversification Canada– NSERC
• Technical Support:– Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institute (PAMI)– Puratone – University of Manitoba Soil Ecology Laboratory– Glenlea Research Farm– Compo-stages
Acknowledgements
