Minggu

6

• 72-78% air

• Mengkonsumsi 20% oksigen & 20% kalori

• 1 trilyun sel otak, 100 milyar aktif, 900

milyar pendukung

• Koneksi antar sel sampai 20.000 sel

• Kecepatan rangsang 250-2.500 impuls

per detik

• Kapasitas penyimpanan 100 trilyun data

• Cogito ergosum-Rene Descartes

Tak Kenal maka Tak

Sayang:

Fact about memory

database

Just let it go,ujian nih

repressed memorypenculikan

They don’t get it to begin withThey had it but they lost it

They have it but they can’t find it

3 alasan lupa

Pencatatan

Encoding-encoded

Storage-memory store

Retrieval-recall or recognition

KATEGORI MEMORI

• Eksplicit

• Implicit (pak Arsip)

Stimulus

hilang

Working memory

pengulangan

Long term

Atkinson & Shiffrin

Sensory

Register

• Sensory register

• Working memory/short term memory

• Long term memory

• rehearshal

• decay

• displacement-interference

• storage capacity

Kapasitas terbatas

Diukur dengan memory span tasks

The magic numbers: 7 2

490616027409

fbiibmtwacia

Mana yang lebih baik?

• Pendengaran atau penglihatan?

Siap!

4906 1602 1409

9041 2061 6094

Active memory

Orang ingat:

• 30% of what they HEAR

• 40% of what they SEE

• 50% of what they SAY

• 60% of what they DO

• 90% of what they HEAR, SEE, SAY & DO

149 162 536 496 481 100 121

182 518 301 708 194 584 512

Prosedural dan Deklaratif

Bentuk-bentuk ingatan

a. Deklaratif-fakta• Episodik memory-ingatan

terhadap kejadian yang khusus

Pikiran, perasan dan informasi yang telah

terjadi

• Semantic/ Generic memory-ingatan arti

dasar kata dan konsep

& pengetahuan dasar

Bentuk-bentuk ingatan

b. Prosedural

• how things are done-sulit

untuk dikomunikasikan

Bagaimana informasi dapat

Masuk ke LTM?

•

Depth of processing-SQ3R

Organization-chunks & mnemonics

Mnemonics

• Kode singkat mengasosiasikan fakta dengan sesuatu yang familiar atau telah tersimpan sebelumnya Natural language mediators

“It doesn’t make sense that she’s working so long”

The method of loci

Menempatkan pada sesuatu tempat yang sudah dikenal dan menempatkan informasi tersebut disekelilingnya

Visual imagery

membayangkan barang dengan jelas dalam gambaran mental

Gunakan image positif. Gunakan humor

Jelas dan berwarnaGunakan semua indera

Bergerak

Terima Kasih

To be continued...

Mengapa ingatan hilang?

Chapter 7

Memory

What is MEMORY?

• Memory – internal record of some prior event or experience; a set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters, and retrieves information over time

Video

• Remembering

and Forgetting…

–w/ Phil Zimbardo from the “Discovering Psychology” series

Three Stages of Memory• Stage 1 - Sensory Memory is a brief

representation of a stimulus while being

processed in the sensory system

• Stage 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM) is

working memory

– Limited capacity (7 items)

– Duration is about 30 seconds

• Stage 3 - Long-Term Memory (LTM) is

large capacity and long duration

Overview of Memory Model

Integrated Model Concepts

• Encoding – process of translating info into neural codes (language) that will be retained in memory

• Storage – the process of retaining neural coded info over time

• Retrieval – the process of recovering info from memory storage

Integrated Model of Memory

Overview of LTM

Varieties of LTM• Two types of LTM

– Semantic memory refers to factual information

– Episodic memory refers to autobiographical

information as to where and when an event happened

Organization of LTM

• Retrieval Cue – a clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall and retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory

– 2 types:

1. Recognition

2. Recall

1. Ziegarnik Effect

Memory Measures

• Recognition is when a specific cue (face or name) is matched against LTM

• Recall is when a general cue is used to search memory

• Relearning - situation where person learns material a second time.

• Quicker to learn material 2nd time

Flashbulb Memories

• Where were you when you first

heard:

– That The WTC had been crashed into?

– That the federal building had been

bombed in Oklahoma City?

– That Princess Diana had been killed in

a car wreck?

Anatomy of Memory

Bilateral damage to

the hippocampus

results in anterograde

amnesia (Patient H.M.)

Anatomy of

Memory

Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation

Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC

responses

Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic

memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories

Thalamus, formation of new memories and working

memories

Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of

episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.

Forgetting

• Forgetting is the inability to recall previously learned information

Forgetting rate is steep just after learning and then becomes a gradual loss of recall

Serial Position Effect

Recall immediately

after learning

Recall several hours

after learning

Recall from Recall from

LTM STM

LTM

Primacy effect – remembering stuff at

beginning of list better than middle

Recency Effect – remembering stuff at

the end of list better than middle

Study Strategies

• Distributed practicerefers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is “crammed” into a single session

• Distributed practice leads to better retention

Theories of Forgetting

• Proactive interference: old information interferes with recall of new information

• Retroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old information

• Decay theory: memory trace fades with time

• Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories (protective memory loss)

• Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent

Organization of LTM

• Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”)

Amnesia• Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain

injury or by trauma

– Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with

recall of information prior to a trauma

– Anterograde amnesia refers to problems

with recall of information after a trauma

Point of Trauma

Retrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesia

Issues in Memory

• Reasons for inaccuracy of memory:

– Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to the

wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual

event)

– Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an

unreliable source is initially discounted, but is

recalled after the source has been forgotten

– Misinformation effect: we incorporate outside

information into our own memories

Memory Strategies• Mnemonic devices are strategies to

improve memory by organizing

information

– Method of Loci: ideas are associated with

a place or part of a building

– Peg-Word system: peg words are

associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”)

– Word Associations: verbal associations

are created for items to be learned