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25 th Faculty Development Programme
08 October 2012
Department of Computer ApplicationsVidya Academy of Science & TechnologyThrissur – 680501, INDIA
Agenda
History of Mobile Communication
Fundamental Principles of Mobile Communication
Cellular Mobile Communication
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
History of Mobile Communication
BRIEF HISTORY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
1973 - Dr. Martin Kooper
Father of Mobile Phones
Technology uses Simple Receiver & Transmitter
1978- Bahrain Telephone Company -1G( Ist Generation)
Commercial Cellular Telephone System
only 250 Subscribers
1980- NTT-Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
Company ( Ist Generation(1G))
New Cellular Technology in Japan
1981- Nordic Mobile Phone ( Ist Generation(1G))
Used in Northern European Countries
Offers Speech only
First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to
offer a single service, i.e., speech.
1983- AMPS-Advanced Mobile Phone System(IInd Generation(2G))
Developed in US
1991-DECT-Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone(IInd
Generation(2G))
Developed by ETSI(European Technical Standard Institute)
1982- GSM -Group Speciale Mobile (IInd
Generation(2G))
Global System for Mobile Communication
Fully Digital Technology
Offers Speech & Data Service
Most successful DIGITAL MOBILE
COMUNICATION SYSTEM
Second Generation (2G)
Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also
designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to
offer data at low rates.(max 9.6kbits/s)
GSM (Global System for Mobile comm)can only offer a data
rate of 9.6 kbps
2.5G-GPRS General packet Radio Service
GPRS allows simultaneous voice and data communication
Increase data transmission speeds from the current 9.6 Kbps to over 100 Kbps
2.75G- EDGE -Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Supports High-speed data applications such as video services
384 kbps data transfer rate
2001-3G Mobile Systems
IMTS -International Mobile Telecomm. System
THIRD GENERATION(3G)
1998-Satellite Mobile Communication System
Using in Europe
2 Satellite systems are used
1. Iridium-66 satellites
2.Globalstar-less than 35
System is now called UMTS
Universal Mobile Telephone System
Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to
offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different
environments
3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
(IMT2000) worldwide.
Frequency band 1.8 -2.5 GHz
2Mbps data transfer rate.4G SYSTEMS
Frequency band (2 – 8 GHz)
Expecting- 20 Mbps-100Mbps Data
Transfer Rate
11
Wireless Comm. Systems- Overview
Conventional Telecom systems
Broadcast systems
Satellitesystems
WirelessNetworks
GSM-1900Cdma2000W-CDMA3G
DABDVB
LEO
MEOGEO
Wireless PANWireless LANWireless ATM
Fundamental Principles
of
Mobile Communication
Defining Mobility ..
Reachability (anywhere)
Accessibility (any device)
Service portability
From the Latin word “Mobilis” = “to move” able to move freely or easily
Properties
2 Different Kinds of Mobility
User MobilityUser accessing the telecomm. services at different
places.
ie the User can be mobile and services will follow him…..
Device Portability
Communication Device Moves(with or without a
user)
eg. Mobile phone system
2 types of Voice & Data Communication
1. Wired Communication
2. Wireless Communication
Wired Communication
Base Station
R2
R1
R3
R4
Wireless TransmissionWithout wire communicating
Base
Station
R4
R2
R3
R1
signals
Downlink Freq.
In Mobile communication
R4
R2
R3
R1
signals
Downlink Freq.
Uplink Freq.
Downlink Freq- From Base station To Receiver
Uplink Freq - From Receiver to Base station
GSM Mobile Communication Frequency range in
India
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
Signal propagation ranges
distance
sender
transmission
detection
interference
Transmission range
– communication possible
– low error rate
Detection range
– detection of the signal possible
– no communication possible
Interference range
– signal may not be detected
– signal adds to the background noise
These transmitting stations or Base stations are called Antennas
In Mobile comm. They are called BTS -Base Transceiver Station
BTS -Base Transceiver Station
CELLULAR
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
For Each BTS only one cell
Cell-A basic geographic unit of a cellular system
Each Base Station covers a certain area called a CELL
Maximum Cell Radii is
100 of metres in cities
35 kms in Open space
Radio stations use powerful transmitters with huge cells
Mobile Base stations generate very small cells why?
2. Less Transmission power
3. Local Interference only
1. Frequency Reusef4
f5
f1f3
f2
f6
f7
f3f2
f4
f5
f1
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
Components in Cellular System Architecture
1. Cell-A basic geographic unit of a cellular system
2. Cluster(Cell Site) -Group of Cells
f4
f5
f1
f3
f2
f6
f7
f4
f5
f1
f3
f2
f6
f7
f3
f2
f4
f5
f1
Cells with the same no. have the same set of
frequencies
7 cells in one cluster
Coverage area of Cells are called
FOOTPRINT
No Channels are reused within a cluster
3. Cell Splitting
Cities contain large number of low power BTS
Handle heavy traffic & Less Interference
Produce large no. of cells
3. Cell Splitting
Rural areas contain only one high power BTS
Covers more area,
Interference will be very high
Produce only one cell
Some Figures
No. of Cells in one cluster or cellsite = 3
Subscribers supported per cell = 596
Total No. of Subscribers /Cluster or cellsite =1788
POPULAR TECHNOLOGY
USED IN
MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
GSM
Global system for
Mobile communication
GSM - Group speciale Mobile
Global system for Mobile Communication
2nd Generation system
Formed in 1982
Initially Implemented in Europe
Using 10 billion People in 212 countries
Technology that widely used in India-700
million customers
9.6 Kbits/sec DTR(Data Transf. Rate)
Major Companies dealing GSM Technology in
India
Primary Objective of GSM
GSM phone is compatible with
Fixed Landline Networks
GSM Mile Stones
Year Mile Stone
1982
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1989
1991
1993
1995
GSM Formed
Field Test
Access Methods Chosen
MOU Signed
Validation of GSM System
Preoperation System
Validation of GSM System
Commercial System Startup
Coverage of Main Roads/Cities
Coverage of Rural areas
GSM -900 MHz
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
GSM 1800 MHz
1710-1785 MHz -Uplink Freq.
1930-1990 MHz- Downlink Freq
Used In
India
DCS-1800
Digital
Comm.
Service
GSM 1900 MHz
1850-1910MHz- Uplink Freq
1930-1990MHz- Downlink Freq
PCS-1900
Personal Comm.
Service
GSM in 3 Frequencies
Cellular growth in India(2009-2014)
GSM
NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
Major Ingredients in a
GSM network
Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones, PDAs etc
The visible but smallest
part of the network!
Ingredients 2: Antennas
Another visible part
Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 1
Cabling
Microwave links
Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not „visible“, but
comprise the major
part of the network
(also from an
investment point of
view…)
GSM network is mainly divided in to 3 Major Systems
1. Switching System (SS)
2. Base Station System(BSS)
3. Operation & Support System(OSS)
Switching
system
Base Station
SystemBSC
BTS
VLR
HLR
AUC
MSC
EIRGMSC
GIWU
PSTN
PLMN
Other
OSS
Mobile
Station
Operation &
Support
System
1. Switching System(SS)
Heart of GSM
Performs Call Processing and Subscriber related functions
Functional Units in SS
1. MSC- Mobile Service Switching Centre
High Performance Digital Switch
Fixed Backbone
Complete Connection Setup & Release
IWF - Connects to other Networks
2. HLR - Home Location Register
Most Important Database
Stores Permanent Data about the subscriber
Location Information
MSIN no. ,IMSI no. MSRN no.
Eg:-IMSI(MCC+MNC+MSIN)3. VLR- Visitor Location Register
Database
Stores temporary data about subscriber
4. AUC- Authentication Centre
Provides Security
User Authentication & Data Encryption
5. EIR- Equipment Identity Register
Database contains the information about the identity of mobile
equipment- Unique identity number for mobile devices
IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity NO.
*#06# -Shows a 17 digit No.
In Nokia Phones
#92702689# Shows
Slno
Mfg date
Purchase date……..
2. BSS- Base station System
All Radio related functions
Consists of 2 Components
1. BSC- Base Station Controller
High Capacity Switch
Call Configuration
Handover
Freq. Distribution
2. BTS- Base Transciever Station
Handles Connection to the MS
Generate Cells
3. OSS- Operation & Support System
Functions for network operations & Management
Consists of one important functional unit
OMC-Operation & Maintenance Center
Monitor & Controls the System
A/C & Billing
Subscriber & Security Management
Additional Functional Elements
1. MXE -Message Center
Provides SMS, Voicemail,Fax, E-mail etc
2. MSN -Mobile Service Node
Provides Intelligent Network Services
3. GMSC- Gateway Mobile Service Switching Centre
A gateway that interconnects two networks: the cellular network and the PSTN.
GSM Services
1. SMS - Short Message Service -160 alphanumeric characters
2.EMS- Extended Message Service -760 alphanumeric characters
3.MMS-Multimedia Message Service
4. Cell Broadcast
5. Call forwarding
6.Barring of Incoming Calls
7. Barring of Outgoing Calls
8.AOC- Advice of Charge
9. Call hold
10. Call waiting
11. CLIP- Call Line Identification Presentation
12. CUG - Closed user Group
Evolution Path for GSM
Newspectrum
Existingspectrum
2G evolved 2G 3G
14.4 kbps 64–115 kbps 0.384–2 mbps115–384 kbps
IMT-2000Capable Systems
GSM GPRS EDGE
3G
Key Feature of GSM
SIM- Subscriber Identity Module
Detachable Smart Card
User Subscribed Information
Phone Book
PIN- Personal Ident. No.
Size-16KB,64 KB,512 KB
2 Types of Calling In GSM
1. Calling to Mobile (Mobile Terminated Call)
2. Mobile to Fixed Telephone Network (Mobile Originated Call)
GSM
Mobile Terminated Call
PSTNcalling
stationGMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
1: calling a GSM subscriber
2: forwarding call to GMSC
3: signal call setup to HLR
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR
6: forward responsible MSC to GMSC
7: forward call to
current MSC
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection
Mobile Originated Call
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 5
3 4
9
10
7 8
1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources (free circuit)
9-10: set up call
Advantages of GSM
Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
Ability to use repeaters
The availability of Subscriber Identity Module allows users to switch networks and handsets.
GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.
The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.
Thanks