Chapter 9Chapter 9

Why do different countries have differentWhy do different countries have differentlevels of development?levels of development?1.1. ColonialismColonialism2.2. Presence of raw materials and climatePresence of raw materials and climate3.3. Cumulative CausationCumulative Causation4.4. EducationEducation5.5. Political IssuesPolitical Issues

Double C Double P. EDouble C Double P. E

ColonialismColonialism

Today’s DCs are usually the Today’s DCs are usually the colonial powers while colonial powers while

Today’s LDCs are usually Today’s LDCs are usually countries that had been colonised countries that had been colonised before (colonies)before (colonies)

Example of Colonial Power: Example of Colonial Power: PortugalPortugal

Example of colony: AngolaExample of colony: Angola

ColonialismColonialism

Angola had suitable climate and soil Angola had suitable climate and soil conditions to grow cotton, coffee and cocoa.conditions to grow cotton, coffee and cocoa.

Portugal took over Angola and used the land Portugal took over Angola and used the land to grow these cash cropsto grow these cash crops

First they sold them as they were and made First they sold them as they were and made money, then processed them to make clothes money, then processed them to make clothes and sold them and made EVEN MORE money!and sold them and made EVEN MORE money!

But Angola was left behind and did not catch But Angola was left behind and did not catch up in terms of development up in terms of development

BUT EXCEPTIONS exist!BUT EXCEPTIONS exist!

UK colonised Singapore beforeUK colonised Singapore beforeUK now a DC but Singapore is UK now a DC but Singapore is

NOT a LDCNOT a LDCWHY?WHY?

Singapore had other factors encouraging our Singapore had other factors encouraging our development like a good government, strategic development like a good government, strategic location, hardworking people, and so on. So we have location, hardworking people, and so on. So we have also caught up with our colonial power, UK! also caught up with our colonial power, UK! YIPPPEEEYIPPPEEE

Presence of Raw MaterialsPresence of Raw Materials

Norway is a DC because it has timber Norway is a DC because it has timber and crude oil which can be made into and crude oil which can be made into furniture and petrol respectively so furniture and petrol respectively so this can cause it to develop faster this can cause it to develop faster than other countries with few or no than other countries with few or no natural resources/raw materialsnatural resources/raw materials

Money earned from selling the raw Money earned from selling the raw materials can be used to build roads, materials can be used to build roads, hospitals, etc and so improve the hospitals, etc and so improve the people’s S/L and Q/L.people’s S/L and Q/L.

BUT EXCEPTIONS exist!BUT EXCEPTIONS exist!

Nigeria has LOTS of raw Nigeria has LOTS of raw materials but it is still a LDC – materials but it is still a LDC – WHY? WHY?

Read page 186 to find out reasonRead page 186 to find out reasonSingapore has almost NO raw Singapore has almost NO raw

materials but we are highly materials but we are highly developed – WOW! developed – WOW!

Climate pg 187Climate pg 187

DCs usually found in temperate climate DCs usually found in temperate climate zones, experiencing low to moderate zones, experiencing low to moderate temperatures and moderate rainfalltemperatures and moderate rainfall

LDCs usually found in tropical climate LDCs usually found in tropical climate zone, experiencing high temperatures zone, experiencing high temperatures and low seasonal rainfalland low seasonal rainfall

Is there is a correlation? Is there is a correlation?

That is, DOES climate affect development?That is, DOES climate affect development?

Yes, to some extent …Yes, to some extent …

Cool and moist climates (found in DCs) are Cool and moist climates (found in DCs) are suitable for growing many crops like wheat suitable for growing many crops like wheat and oat which can be sold to make money and oat which can be sold to make money for the countryfor the country

High temperatures and low rainfall result in High temperatures and low rainfall result in drought and so insufficient water means few drought and so insufficient water means few crops can be grown, so major source of crops can be grown, so major source of income is lost for LDCsincome is lost for LDCs

Floods also common in LDCs because they Floods also common in LDCs because they lack money to control them, and floods wipe lack money to control them, and floods wipe out many farms and infrastructure pg 188out many farms and infrastructure pg 188

BUT EXCEPTIONS exist!BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! Netherlands is prone to floods BUT the Netherlands is prone to floods BUT the

successful Zuider Zee Project (remember successful Zuider Zee Project (remember Sec 2 geog?) has controlled the floods and Sec 2 geog?) has controlled the floods and the land is used to grow crops that bring in the land is used to grow crops that bring in A LOT of money for Netherlands!A LOT of money for Netherlands!

Technology can also allow greenhouses to Technology can also allow greenhouses to be built and irrigation to be carried out so be built and irrigation to be carried out so climate can be controlled climate can be controlled

So if you have the money, you can So if you have the money, you can overcome climatic problems using overcome climatic problems using technology! Unfortunately, LDCs don’t have technology! Unfortunately, LDCs don’t have this kind of $ this kind of $

SO SAD!SO SAD!

Cumulative CausationCumulative Causation

It refers to the process of how the It refers to the process of how the movement of people and resources movement of people and resources from the periphery area increases from the periphery area increases the wealth of the core areathe wealth of the core area

The RICH get RICHER!The RICH get RICHER!

Do you understand? Let’s try to explainDo you understand? Let’s try to explain

Core Area Gets RicherCore Area Gets Richer

You are a businessmen and you sell You are a businessmen and you sell mobile phones. Would you rather open mobile phones. Would you rather open up your shop in the city (core) area up your shop in the city (core) area where there are many people who will where there are many people who will buy your phones or in the village buy your phones or in the village (periphery) where people are poorer?(periphery) where people are poorer?

Of course, the city if you want to make $!Of course, the city if you want to make $!

Now, imagine ALL the businessmen Now, imagine ALL the businessmen think like that, everyone opens up their think like that, everyone opens up their businesses in the city, this attracts even businesses in the city, this attracts even more workers to the city because they more workers to the city because they can find jobs there SOcan find jobs there SO

CITY gets CITY gets better and betterbetter and better but the but the

VILLAGES get VILLAGES get poorer and poorerpoorer and poorer

because everyone is going to the cities to because everyone is going to the cities to

work since all the opportunities are in the work since all the opportunities are in the

city!city!

This effect where the periphery This effect where the periphery areas get POORER and POORER areas get POORER and POORER

because people and raw because people and raw materials are going to the city is materials are going to the city is

calledcalled

The Backwash Effect

But its not all gloom and doom But its not all gloom and doom for the periphery areas LAH!for the periphery areas LAH!

Governments sometimes Governments sometimes purposely encourage industries purposely encourage industries to go to the poorer areas to set to go to the poorer areas to set up, or governments of poorer up, or governments of poorer countries encourage industries to countries encourage industries to set up in their countries by set up in their countries by offering them benefits like cash, offering them benefits like cash, etcetc

This effect where money and This effect where money and knowledge gets transferred knowledge gets transferred from from

the core/rich areas tothe core/rich areas to the the periphery/poor areasperiphery/poor areas is called is called

The Spread Effect

Let’s Test Ourselves!Let’s Test Ourselves!

The Phenomenon of Brain-Drain, where The Phenomenon of Brain-Drain, where Indian doctors move from India Indian doctors move from India (LDC/Periphery) to work in countries (LDC/Periphery) to work in countries like Singapore (DC/core), is calledlike Singapore (DC/core), is called

Backwash OR spread effect?Backwash OR spread effect?

Backwash

If I decide to go to my hometown in If I decide to go to my hometown in Malaysia, a small town called Malaysia, a small town called Segamat where I was born, and Segamat where I was born, and decide to open up a school employing decide to open up a school employing about 20 local teachers, what effect about 20 local teachers, what effect am I generating?am I generating?

Spread Effect

EducationEducation

DCs have a higher literacy rate DCs have a higher literacy rate than LDCs, and so with more than LDCs, and so with more people being able to read and people being able to read and write, more people will work in write, more people will work in secondary and tertiary industries secondary and tertiary industries and these are the industries that and these are the industries that usually bring in more money for the usually bring in more money for the country (S/L) so it becomes more country (S/L) so it becomes more developed!developed!

PoliticsPolitics

Wars and instability have discouraged Wars and instability have discouraged industries from setting up in countries and industries from setting up in countries and tourists from visiting the countries and this tourists from visiting the countries and this has reduced money coming in for these has reduced money coming in for these countries, slowing down their developmentcountries, slowing down their development

So, countries which often have wars and So, countries which often have wars and are unstable/unsafe stay less developedare unstable/unsafe stay less developed

Example is Sierra Leone pg 195Example is Sierra Leone pg 195

Instability

LeadershiLeadershippCountries with effective, corrupt-free Countries with effective, corrupt-free

governments tend to develop quicklygovernments tend to develop quicklyLOOK at SINGAPORE! We developed so LOOK at SINGAPORE! We developed so

quickly after the British left because the quickly after the British left because the PAP government is a very responsible PAP government is a very responsible and intelligent one. Why do I say that???and intelligent one. Why do I say that???

Responsible: uses citizen’s money to improve their lives (Q/L)

Intelligent: attracts tourists, foreign investments because it will increase our S/L

That’s All Folks for Chapter 9! That’s All Folks for Chapter 9!

Wah, so easy ah?!Wah, so easy ah?!

Now, read Chapter 10 first, on your Now, read Chapter 10 first, on your own, before we start studying it!own, before we start studying it!