The Prophet Mohammed popularized

the use of the first toothbrush in around

600.

Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he

cleaned his teeth and freshened his

breath. Substances similar to Meswak

are used in modern toothpaste.

HISTORY

3500 BC – Egyptians and

Babylonians use chewing sticks made

from branches of the Salvadora

Persica tree. They also used boar

bristles attached to a bamboo stick to

clean teeth.

1600 BC – In China people start using

chew sticks made of plant limbs and

roots. One end of the stick was beaten

into soft fibers to help scrub and brush

teeth. In fact, these types of chewing

sticks are still used by some people

today.

1498 – Europeans start traveling to

China to obtain toothbrushes made

of bamboo and hog bristles. This

invention quickly caught on in

Europe.

1780 – William Addis of

Clerkenwald, England introduces the

first mass-produced toothbrush in

Europe made from cattle bone and

swine fibers.

1857 – H.N. Wadsworth becomes

the first American to patent a

toothbrush

1885 – Toothbrushes are mass-

produced in the US by the Florence

Manufacturing Company of

Massachusetts.

1938 – Nylon bristles replace bristles

made of pig innards

1960 – The first electric toothbrush

is introduced to the US by the

Squibb Company. The model was

marketed under the name

Broxodent.

1987 – The first at-home rotary style

toothbrush is introduced to the US by

Interplak.

Today it seems like people shuffle

through hundreds of toothbrushes

that line the market shelves, hoping

that the latest and greatest model will

deliver healthy smiles. With the

evolution of toothbrushes, cleaning

teeth and taking care of gums is

simpler than ever – but this wasn’t

always the case. Take a look below to

learn which techniques and practices

helped inventors mold the toothbrush

into what it is today.

A crank is an arm attached at right

angles to a rotating shaft by which

reciprocating motion is imparted to or

received from the shaft. It is used to

convert circular motion into reciprocating

motion, or vice-versa.

Many of the basics of modern

automatics were first put to use in the

Muslim world, including the revolutionary

crank-connecting rod system.

By converting rotary motion to linear

motion, the crank enables the lifting of

heavy objects with relative ease.

This technology, discovered by Al-

Jazari (father of robotics) in the 12th

century, exploded across the globe,

leading to everything from the bicycle

to the internal combustion engine

Examples

Familiar examples include:

Hand-powered cranks

1. Mechanical pencil sharpener

2. Fishing reel and other reels for cables,

wires, ropes, etc.

3. Manually operated car window

4. The crank set that drives a trikke

through its handles.

5. The carpenter's brace is a compound

crank.

Foot-powered cranks

1. The crankset that drives a bicycle via

the pedals.

2. Treadle sewing machine

3. Engines

A hospital is a health care institution

providing patient treatment with

specialized staff and equipment.

"Hospitals as we know them today, with

wards and teaching centers, come

from 9th century Egypt," explained

Hassani.

The first such medical center was the

Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded

in 872 in Cairo. Tulun hospital provided

free care for anyone who needed it -- a

policy based on the Muslim tradition of

caring for all who are sick. From Cairo,

such hospitals spread around the

Muslim world.

The Romans constructed buildings

called valetudinaria for the care of sick

slaves, gladiators, and soldiers around

100B.C.,and many were identified by

later archeology.

In the mid 19th century, hospitals and the

medical profession became more

professionalized, with are organization of

hospital management along more

bureaucratic and administrative lines.

Church-sponsored hospitals and nurses.

They began opening charitable

institutions such as orphanages and old

people’s homes.

In the eighteenth century, under the

influence of the Age of Enlightenment,

them odern hospital began to appear,

serving only medical needs and staffed

with trained physi- cians and surgeons.

The history of chess spans over 1500

years.

The earliest predecessor of the game

probably originated in India, before the

6th century AD.

From India, the game spread to Persia.

From there it spread westward to

Europe.

When the Arabs conquered Persia,

chess was taken up by the Muslim world

and subsequently spread to Southern

Europe.

In the second half of the 19th century,

modern chess tournament play began,

and the first World Chess

Championship was held in 1886.

An Italian player, Gioacchino Greco,

regarded as one of the first true

professionals of the game.

The first modern chess tournament was

held in London in 1851 and won,

surprisingly, by German Adolf Anderssen,

relatively unknown at the timey and tactics.

Sanskrit Bengali Persian Arabic Turkish Latin English

Raja (King) Raja (King) Shah Malik Şah Rex King

Mantri (Minister)Mantri

(Minister)

Vazīr

(Vizir)Wazīr/Firz Vezir Regina Queen

Gajah (war

elephant)Hati Pil Al-Fīl Fil

Episcopus

/Comes/C

alvus

Bishop/C

ount/Cou

ncillor

Ashva (horse)Ghora

(horse)Asp Fars/Hisan At

Miles/Equ

esKnight

Ratha (chariot) Nowka Rokh Qal`a/Rukhkh KaleRochus/M

archio

Rook/Mar

grave/Cas

tle

Padati Pedes/Pe

Names of pieces

Pieces of Chess

Shampoo is a hair care product that is

used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin

particles, dandruff, environmental

pollutants and other contaminant particles

that gradually build up in hair. Shampoo

lather in hair.

The goal of using shampoo is to remove

the unwanted build-up without stripping out

so much sebum as to make hair

unmanageable.

The word shampoo in English is derivedfrom Hindi chāmpo (च ाँपो).

The Hindi word referred to head massage,

usually with some form of hair oil.

Bottles of shampoo and lotions

manufactured in the early 20th century by

the C.L. Hamilton Co. of Washington, D.C.

London in the early 19th century, and later,

together with his Irish wife, opened

“Mahomed’s Steam and Vapour Sea

Water Medicated Baths” in Brighton,

England. His baths were like Turkish baths

where clients received an Indian treatment

of champi (shampooing), meaning

therapeutic massage. He was appointed

‘Shampooing Surgeon’ to both George

IV and William IV.

In the 1860s, the meaning of the word

shifted from the sense of massage to that

of applying soap to the hair. Earlier,

ordinary soap had been used for washing

hair. However, the dull film soap left on the

hair made it uncomfortable, irritating, and

unhealthy looking.

During the early stages of shampoo,

English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in

water and added herbs to give the hair

shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was

the first known maker of shampoo, and

the origin is currently attributed to him.

Commercially made shampoo was

available from the turn of the 20th

century.

A 1914 ad for Canthrox Shampoo in

American Magazine showed young

women at camp washing their hair with

Canthrox in a lake; magazine ads in 1914

by Rexall featured Harmony Hair

Beautifier and Shampoo.

Originally, soap and shampoo were very

similar products; both containing the same

naturally derived surfactants, a type of

detergent. Modern shampoo as it is known

today was first introduced in the 1930s with

Drene, the first shampoo with synthetic

surfactants.

The process of removing impurities or

unwanted elements from a substance.

The means of separating liquids through

difference in their boiling points.

Invented around the year 800.

By Islam’s foremost scientist, Jabir Ibn

Hayyan.

Who transformed alchemy into chemistry.

Inventing many of the basis processes

and apparatus still in use today

liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation,

purifiction, oxidisation, evaporation and

filtration.

As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric

acid.

He invented the alembic still, giving the

world intense rosewater and other

perfumes and alcoholic spirits.

Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic

experimentation and was the founder of

modern chemistry.

The pointed arch (a vault in which stone

ribs carry the vaulted surface), a

characteristic of Europe’s Gothic

cathedrals was an invention borrowed from

Islamic architecture.

It was much stronger than the rounded

arch used by the Romans and Normans,

thus allowing the building of bigger, higher,

more complex and grander buildings.

Other borrowing from Muslim geniuses

included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and

dome-building techniques.

Europe’s castles were also adapted to

copy the Islamic World’s with arrow

slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets.

Square towers and keeps gave way to

more easily defended round ones.

Henrey V’s castle architect was a Muslim.

Round arch or Semi-circular arch

Unequal round arch or Rampant round arch

Lancet arch

Trefoil arch, or Three-foiled cusped arch

Horseshoe arch

Shouldered flat arch -see also jack arch

Three-centered arch

Elliptical arch

Inflexed arch

Ogee arch

Parabolic arch

TYPES OF Arches