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This presentation is from a webinar series on management of the ewe and doe from late gestation through weaning. This presentation is on Neonatal care (care of the lamb and kid from day 0 to day 14).
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SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn) Sheep & Goat Specialist
Western Maryland Research & Education [email protected] – www.sheepandgoat.com
2011 Ewe and Doe Management
Webinar Series
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM
Jan 13 I. Late Gestation
Jan 20 II. Vaccinations
Feb 3 III. Parturition
Feb 10 IV. Neonatal Care
Feb 17 V. Lactation
Feb 24 VI. Weaning
2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series
Neonatal careCare of newborns (day 0-14)
http://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/neonatal
What factors affect neonatal survival?
OffspringBirth weight #1 factor!SexBirth typeBehavior (vigor)
Dam factorsBody condition score #2ParityMaternal behaviorColostrum accumulation
#3
Factors affecting with neonatal survival
Environmental factorsLambing/kidding systemWeather
ManagementNutrition during pregnancyEase of birthSanitationCrowding
GeneticsBreedSire
Sour
When death losses occurSpooner Agricultural Research Center (Wisconsin) - dairy sheep
Source: Lamb mortality and causes: A nine year summary at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station
When death losses occurNational Sheep Health Survey - all sheep operations
Source: USDA APHIS NAHSM
Cause Loss
Scours 46 %
Starvation 20 %
Pneumonia 8 %
What causes neonates to die?
U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho: range sheep, shed-lambed
Causes of deathSpooner Agricultural Research Station (Wisconsin): dairy sheep
Source: Lamb mortality and causes: A nine year summary at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station
Causes of death in neonatesSmall ruminants in Jordan
Source: Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (2007)
Clip, dip, strip, and sipClip navel cord (if
necessary)
Dip navel cord in gentle iodine, chlorhexidine, or betadine.
Strip teats to remove wax plugs and open up teats for baby to nurse easier.
Make sure lambs and kids nurse.
ColostrumAll newborn mammals require colostrum for optimal health
Thick, yellowish first milk that dam produces after parturition (for the first 24 hours).
Rich in energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals.
Has laxative qualities.
Contains maternal antibodies
Large protein molecules that can only be absorbed by neonate during the first 24 to 36 hours after birth.
Absorption by neonate is most efficient the first few hours after birth.
Baby should consume 10% of its body weight in colostrum.
Source Characteristics
Own dam Best
Fresh or frozen colostrum from another female in flock
Next best sourceFreeze colostrum from females with surplus milkThaw slowly
Ewe or doe colostrum from another farm
CAE / OPP riskJohne’s risk
Cow colostrum Lower in nutrition (fat)Milk from colored breeds is higher in fatOnly from Johne’s-free herd
Colostrum substitute Would contain antibodies
Colostrum supplement
Would be nutritious, but would not contain antibodies. Better than nothing
Homemade colostrum
Provides nutrition, but no antibodies
Lamb or kid replacer Feed after 24 hours
Colostrum sources
Common problems of the neonate
HypothermiaStarvationDiarrhea (scours)PneumoniaFloppy kid syndrome
°C °F TreatmentMild hypothermia
37 to 39
98-102 1. Warm baby 2. Tube feed colostrum
Severe hypothermia(or cannot swallow)
< 37 < 98 1. Reverse hypoglycemia by giving an intra peritoneal injection of 20% dextrose
2. Warm baby slowly with dry heat3. Tube feed colostrum
Hypothermia
Caused by excessive body heat loss and reduced heat production.
Neonates are unable to regulate their body temperature during their first 36 hours.
Energy is required to generate heat.
Causes Inadequate colostrum Dam rejection Mastitis Teats too large or close to ground Inadequate milk production Joint injury or illness Soremouth Difficult birth Small, weak baby Can’t compete with siblings
Symptoms Lethargic Head down
Weak Empty stomach Hypothermia
Glucose injection Tube feed colostrum Feed milk replacer Artificially rear
Starvation
Treatment
Tips for tube feeding lambs and kids Use clean equipment
Measure how far the tube needs to go in
Hold baby between your knees in upright position.
Dip tube in clean water.
Gentle advance tube towards back of animal’s mouth
The animal should swallow as the tube is advanced. It will still be able to bleat and cry.
http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1998/eb1998.pdf
Tips for tube feeding lambs and kidsFeel the tube on the left side of
the animal’s neck.
Fill syringe with warm milk.
Do not force milk with plunger.
Let fluid trickle in via gravity.
Squeeze end of tube when pulling tube out.
Frequent meals are better than big meals 2-3 ounces at a time
http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1998/eb1998.pdf
Intraperitoneal injectionSuspend baby by front
legs
Introduce 1-in, 20-g needle through body wall 1 inch to the side of the navel and 1 inch caudal.
Point needle towards tail
Slowly inject solution into body cavity.
CausesEnvironmental
Unsanitary conditions Unclean water Infected feces
Bacterial E. coli - “watery” mouth Salmonella Cryptospordia Giardia Clostridium perfringins type C
Viral Rotavirus
Neonatal scours
SymptomsGauntDepressedWet, rear legsDehydration
TreatmentOral electrolytesOral antibiotics
[Rx] Spectinomycin
Adequate colostrum intake
Good sanitationCD-T vaccinations
Neonatal scours
Prevention
Watery mouth (NADIS UK)
Causative organismsPasteurella hemolyticaParainfluenza virus-3
SymptomsElevated body
temperatureLabored breathingDepressedDroopy ears
Treat early with injectable antibiotics [Rx] LA-200 [Rx] Naxcel/Excenel [Rx] Nuflor [Rx] Micotil (NOT GOATS)
PreventionProper ventilationAdequate colostrum
intakeVaccination of dams
Bacterial pneumonia
Treatment
CauseUnknown
Metabolic acidosisElevated D-lactate levels
SymptomsNormal at birthSymptoms develop 3 to
10 days of ageWeaknessLateral recumbencyNo muscle toneLoss of nursing reflex
Early detectionCorrect acid/base status of kid
Oral bicarbonate (baking soda)
½ to 1 tsp. in 1 cup of water
Electrolytes
Floppy kid syndrome
Treatment
1. Slime 2. Scent/odor3. Skin4. Stanchion
Cross-fostering or grafting
Artificial rearing lambs and kids
Why?Dam diesDam doesn’t have milkDam doesn’t have enough milk
Poor milk producer Genetics Poor nutrition Disease
Large litterDam rejects babyBaby is weak.
Dairy enterprisePrevent CAE and OPP
Which baby should you choose for artificial rearing?
Old recommendationRemove the largest,
most aggressive baby for artificial rearing.
New recommendationRemove the smallest
weakest baby for artificial rearing.
Select lambs/kids 2 to 6 hours after birth for artificial rearing.
How to rear lambs and kids artificially
Make sure baby gets adequate colostrum. Let baby nurse dam for first
four to six hours. Tube feed colostrum
Feed the right milk replacer for optimal performance Sheep milk contains more fat.
Follow instructions on bag. Mixing Feeding amount Feeding frequency
After first few days, feed milk replacer cold.
How to rear lambs and kids artificially
Hand-feed or use self-feeder.
Keep feeding equipment clean.
Start offering solid food when the lamb or kid is a few days old.
High quality lamb or kid starter
Soybean meal
Vaccinate for CD-T at 4 and 8 weeks of age.
Weaning orphansUsually 4 to 8 weeks
Better to wean on weight than age.
Common rules of thumb Minimum of 20 lbs. 2.5 x birth weight
Lamb or kids should be eating solid food and doing well. Lamb: 0.5 lb. creep feed daily
Wean abruptly.
After weaning, keep lamb or kid on starter diet; do not wean onto lush pasture.
When to feed heat-treated/pasteurized colostrum or milk
To prevent CAE
To prevent OPP
To kids that have recovered from floppy kid syndrome
Heat at 130-135ºF (56ºC) for 1 hour
Antibodies will be destroyed at 140ºF (60ºC)
Common management practicesThese practices are not done on all farms
Ear taggingBefore baby leaves jug
WeighingAt day 0 or 1
Docking1 to 7 days of ageNo later than 6 weeks
Castration 1 to 7 days of ageNo later than 6 weeks
Disbudding3 days to 2 weeks
WHY?Health
Reduce risk of fly strikeHygieneEasier to shear/crutchEasier to observe udderEasier to assist lambingMarket preference
Tails reduce dressing percentage
Cleanliness at harvest
Some breeds don’t require dockingHair sheepShort or rat-tailed
sheepLow incidence of
dagginess.Short-wool breeds
Animal welfare concerns
DockingShortening the length of the tail
WHY NOT?
Length of docked tail
RecommendationU.S.
Distal end of caudal tail fold.
EuropeCover female’s vulvaCover male’s anus
Show lambs are usually docked shorter (for appearance)
WHY?Management
Prevent unwanted pregnancies
Control behaviorSell as pets or grazersMarket preference
Traditional marketsCustomer preference
Market older animalsTradition
Better growthBetter carcassBigger carcassMarket at a young
ageMarket preference
Ethnic marketsAnimal welfare
CastratingTesticles are removed or their function is inhibited
WHY NOT?
Tools for docking and castrating
Electric docker
Burdizzo® Emasculatome
Scalpel
Emasculator
Elastrator
All-in-one
Knife
ProsQuickEasyBloodless Inexpensive toolLess painful than surgical
castration with knife
Increased risk of tetanusPainful
Can reduce pain by giving an local anesthetic or combining use with Burdizzo
It is less painful to make a “short-scrotum” male.
Docking and castrating with an elastrator
Cons
Cuts off blood supply to tail and/or testicles
Bands should be applied at 1 to 7 days of age (definitely before 6 weeks of age)
ProsCan dock and castrate
older lambs (and kids)Less painful than
other methods.
Less reliableRequires more skill
More expensive tool
Docking and castrating with a Burdizzo
Cons
Crushes spermatic cords inside testicles, thus stopping blood supply, eventually causing atrophy of the testicles.
Use in conjunction with elastrator to minimize pain during docking and castrating
Use small-size Burdizzo
ProsCan dock and castrate
older lambs (and kids)Less painful than
other methods.
Less reliableRequires more skill
More expensive tool
Docking and castrating with an emasculator
Cons
Crushes arteries before severing them.
ProsInexpensiveMost reliable
method of castration (1 + 1 = 2)
BloodyGreatest potential
for infection and fly infestation.
Most painful method of castration
Surgical castrationTools: knife, scalpel, all-in-one
Cons
1. Cut off bottom one-third of sac, with a parallel cut to the ground.2. Pull testicle down away from the body until the cord breaks.3. Do not cut cords (may sever by scraping with a scalpel).4. Repeat for other testicle.5. Minimize pain and stress by performing on young animals only.6. Use antiseptic to prevent infection.
ProsLess chance of
infectionCan dock older
lambsProbably most
humane method of tail docking
Requires electricityRequires more
physical effortMore expensive tool
Using an electric docker
Cons
Cuts and cauterizes tail.
WHY?Personal preferenceSafety
Animals Humans
Management Close confinement Feeders Fences Handling
Show or registration requirements
Personal preferenceHandling
Loss of “handles” Goats not handled frequently.
Natural part of goat Breed character Weapons
Welfare (pain)
Disbudding
WHY NOT?
Polled trait is linked to infertility in goats: polled x polled horned
Disbudding goats When?
1 to 3 weeks of age Horns grow differently Ideal time is just as horn is coming
through skin
Tools Disbudding box Disbudding iron Clippers (optional)
How? [Vx] Numb region around the horn
buds with an anesthetic. Carefully press dehorner onto the
buds for 8 to 15 seconds. Twist tool to cut through skin to the
skull. If the procedure is done correctly,
you should see a copper-colored ring around the horn bud.
Thank you for your attention. Questions?
Susan Schoenian
www.sheepandgoat.com SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM