NUCLEAR REACTOR

IN

INDIA

INTRODUCTION :

Nuclear Reactor : A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction.

Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation.

Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs through turbines.

Today there are about 450 nuclear power reactors that are used to generate electricity in about 30 countries around the world.

As of 2010, India has 20 nuclear power plants in

operation

generating 4,560 MW.

India ranks in nuclear power generation-:

India has sixth ranked in the world in production of

nuclear power. Rank of sixth-:

Our target is to reach 20,000 MW by 2020 in the medium term and

63,000 MW by 2032 in the long term, with 700 MW from pressurized

heavy water reactors and 1,000 MW from light water reactors

1. US

2. France

3. Japan

4. Russia

5. Korea

6.India

TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR

Pressurized water reactor (PWR)

Boiling water reactor (BWR)

Voda voda energo reactor (VVER)

Fast breeder reactor (FBR)

Pressurized heavy water reactor “CANDU”(PHWR)

PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)

Fuel used : Enriched UO₂ Moderator : Water

Coolant : Water

Pressurized water reactor (PWR) is the most common type of reactor.

Powerful pumps circulate the water through pipes, transferring heat that boils water in a separate, secondary loop.

The resulting steam drives the electricity producing turbine generators.

BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)

Fuel used : Enriched UO₂ Moderator : Water

Coolant : Water

Boiling water reactors (BWRs) make up 15% of reactors globally.

The coolant is kept at a lower pressure than in a PWR, allowing it to boil.

The steam is passed directly to the turbine generators to produce electricity.

FAST BREEDER REACTOR (FBR)

Fuel used : PuO₂ and UO₂ Moderator : None

Coolant : Liquid sodium

Fast breeder reactors (FBRs) use fast neutrons to convert materials such as uranium-238 and thorium- 232 into fissile materials, which then fuel the reactor .

This process, combined with recycling, has the potential to increase available nuclear fuel resources in the very long term.

VODA VODA ENERGO REACTOR (VVER)

Voda voda energo reactor meaning water cooled, water moderator energy reactor.

The VVER belongs to the family of the Pressurized water reactors (PWRs)

Currently VVER power stations are used by Armenia, Bulgaria, China, Finland, Hungary, India, Iran, Slovakia, Ukraine and Russia.

KUNDANKULAM NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

In INDIA, power station is in KUNDANKULAM.

Power generation: 917 MW.

Construction began: 31/03/2002

Commission date: 22/10/2012

Total cost: 17,270 crore

Fuel: Enriched UO₂

Coolant: Water

WORKING

INTRODUCTION OF “CANDU”

CANDU reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.

It was developed under partnership between Atomic Energy of Canada Limited(AECL), the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Canadian General Electric.

The reactor is also marketed abroad and there are CANDU-type units operating in India, Pakistan, Argentina, South Korea, Romania and China.

PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR(PHWR)

“CANDU” Fuel used : Natural UO₂ Moderator : Heavy Water

Coolant : Heavy Water

CANDU stands for "CANada Deuterium Uranium".

It's a Canadian-designed power reactor of PHWR type (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor).

CANDU is the most efficient of all reactors in using uranium: it uses about 15% less uranium than a pressurized water reactor for each megawatt of electricity produced

WORKING In the reactor, neutrons emitted in the fission reaction are

slowed down by the heavy water, which acts as a coolant carrying the heat energy produced in the nuclear reaction from the uranium rods to the heat exchanger and then to the turbines to produce electric power.

The products of fission are hot because the smaller atoms produced when a large atom breaks up, it has a great deal of kinetic energy.

1. FUEL BUNDLE

2. CALANDRIA (REACTOR CORE)

3. ADJUSTER RODS

4. HEAVY WATER PRESSURE RESEERVOIR

5. STEAM GENERATION

6. LIGHT WATER PUMP

7. HEAVY WATER PUMP

8. FUELING MACHINE

9. HEAVY WATER MODERATOR

10. PRESSUE TUBE

11. STEAM GOING TO STEAM TURBINE

12. COLD WATER RETURNING FROM TURBINE

13. CONTAINMENT BUILDING MADE OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE

NUCLEAR REACTOR IN INDIA :

Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW)

Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 3 660

Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220 x 2 440

Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220 x 2 440

Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 440

Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR

100 x 1

200 x 1

220 x 3

960

Tarapur NPCIL MaharashtraBWR (PH

WR

160 x 2

540 x 21400

Total 4340

Power plants in India

UPCOMING PROJECTS: