Parrmacognosy a quick review

PHARMACOGNOSY

QUICK REVIEW

BY:-

G. TARUN KUMAR REDDY{ 3rd year 2nd sem }

11AF1R0044

KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE

PICRORHIZA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots &rhizomes

of Picrorhiza kurroa royle.

FAMILY:- Scrophulariaceae.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:-

Iridoid glycosides, Picrohizin.

USES:- Antiperiodic, Bitter tonic.

KAPUR KACHRI

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from roots

&rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum.

FAMILY:- Zingirberaceae.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:- :-

Cineole, Limonene.

USES:- Insect repellent, Expectorant.

BAHERA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried fruit of

Terminalia belerica.

FAMILY:- Combretaceae.


Chebulagic acid, Linoleic acid.

USES:- Astringent, Antidiabetic.

CAPSICUM

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe fruits of

Capsicum frutescens.

FAMILY:- Solanaceae.


Carotenoids, Ascorbic acid.

USES:- Nerve stimulant, Carminative.

DILL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried fruits of

Anethum graveolens.

FAMILY:- Umbelliferae.


Thymol, Dihydrocarvone.

USES:- Carminative, Stimulant.

AMLA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried or fresh fruits of

Emblica officinalis.

FAMILY:- Euphorbiaceae.


Phyllembelin, Ellagic acid.

USES:-Liver tonic, Aperient.

PIPAL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried dried fruits

of Piper longum.

FAMILY:- Piperaceae.


Phellandrene, Dipentene.

USES:- Stomachic, Carminative.

CLOVE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried flower

bud of Eugenia caryophyllus.

FAMILY:- Myrtaceae.


Humulen, Caryophyllene.

USES:- Stimulant, Aromatic.

CORIANDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe

fruits of Coriandrum sativum.



Citronellal, Borneol.


ORANGE PEEL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from ripen pericarp

of Citrus chysocarpa.

FAMILY:- Rutaceae.


Neohesperidin, Limonene.

USES:- Bitter tonic, Flavouring agent.

RASNA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizomes of

Alpinia officinarum.

FAMILY:- Zingiberaceae.


Alpinin, Phlobaphenes.

USES:- Carminative, Anti-rheumatic.

CINNAMON

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried inner bark of the

tree Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume.

FAMILY:- Lauraceae.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:-

Eugenol, Cinnamic aldehyde.

USES:- Flavouring agent, Germicide.

CARDAMOM

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried & ripen fruits

of Elettaria cardamomum.

FAMILY:- Zingirberaceae.


Terpenylacetate, Borneol.

USES:- Carminative, Flavouring agent.

ACACIA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried

exudation of stem & branches of Acacia Senegal.

FAMILY:- Leguminosae.

USES:- Demulcent,

Binding agent.

BLACK CATECHU

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried aqueous extract

of Acacia catechu wildenow.



Catechins, Quercetin.

USES:- Astringent, Antitussive.

PALE CATECHU

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried aqueous

extract of leaves & shoots of Uncaria gambier.

FAMILY:- Rubiaceae.


Tannic acid, Quercetin.

USES:- Astringent, Antidiarrhoeal.

BENZOIN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Blasmic resin obtain from

Styrax benzoin.

FAMILY:- Styraceae.


Cinnamic acid , Benzoic acid.

USES:- Expectorant, Antiseptic.

ALOE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Extracted from the leaves of

Aloe barbadensis.

FAMILY:- Liliaceae .


Aloin, Anthracene glycosides.

USES:- Laxative, Cosmetic preparations.

YELLOW BEES WAX

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is a purified wax from honey

comb of the Apis dorsata.

FAMILY:- Apidae.


Cerotic acid, Myricyl palmitate.

USES:- Pharmaceutical aid, preparation

of Polishes, Plasters.

MUSTARD

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe seeds of

Brassica nigra Koch.

FAMILY:- Cruciferae.


Lineolic acid, Oleic acid.

USES:- Emetic, Condiment

used in making of Liniments,Plasters.

NUX VOMICA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried seeds of

Strychnous nux vomica.

FAMILY:- Loganiaceae.


Brucine, Loganin, Strychnine.

USES:- Spinal cord stimulant,

Nerve & Sex tonic.

COLOPHONY

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained through distilling

Pinus longifolia, P.echinata .

FAMILY:- Pinaceae.


Abietic acid, Diterpene acid.

USES:- Used in making of Disinfectants,

Ointments, Medicinal plasters.

ACONITE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried tuberos of

Aconitum napellus.

FAMILY:- Ranunculaceae.


Aconite, Picroaconitine, Neoline.

USES:- In treatment of Nuralgia &

Homeopathic preprations.

LINSEED

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripen seeds of

Linum uslitatissimum.

FAMILY:- Linaceae.


Galacturonic acid, Mannuronic acid.

USES:- Poultice, Demulcent.

ISABGOL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried seeds of

Plantago ovate forsk.

FAMILY:- Plantaginaceae.


Aldobionic acid, Pentosan.

USES:- Demulcent, Treatment of

Chronic constipations.

BANAFSHA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the plant

Viola odorata.

FAMILY:- Violaceae.


Violin, Isoquinoline alkaloids.

USES:- Expectorant, Antipyretic.

SENNA LEAVES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried the plant

Cassia angustifolia.

FAMILY:- Leguminoceae.


Kaempferol glycosides, Rhein.

USES:- Laxative,

Used to treat Curling's ulcer.

DATURA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from plant

Datura stramonium.



Hyoscamine, Scopolamine.

USES:- Antispasmodic, Antisialagogue.

VASAKA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried & fresh

leaves of Adhatoda vasica.

FAMILY:- Acanthaceae.


Vasicinone, Adhatodic acid.

USES:- Expectorant, Bronchodilator.

DIGITALIS LEAVES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried leaves of

Digitalis purpurae.

FAMILY:- Scrophulariaceae.


Digitoxigenin, Glucogitaloxin.

USES:- Cardiotonic, Diuretic.

RAUWOLFIA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots

of Rauwolfia serpentine.

FAMILY:- Apocynaceae.


Reserpine, Serpentine.

USES:- Sedative, Antihypertensive.

LIQUORICE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried peeled & unpeeled

roots & stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra.



Liquiritin, Herniarin.

USES:- Laxative, Spasmolytic agent.

GELATIN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from partial hydrolysis of

Skin & Bones of animals.

NATURE:- Obtain as thin sheets or

as strips.


Glutin, Amino acids.

USES:- Prepration of Capsules, Suppositories.

COTTON

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is obtained from the seeds of trees

Gossypium herbaceum.

FAMILY:- Malvaceae.


Pollysaccharids, Cellulose.

USES:- Used for Surgical dressing,

Filtering medium.

GINGIBER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the rhizome of

Zingiber officinale.



Zingiberol, Borneol.


ASWAGANDHA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots &

stems of Withania somnifera.



Anaferine, Withanolides.

USES:- Aphrodisiac, Anti-tumerous agent.

SASSUREA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots

of Sausserea lappa Clarke.

FAMILY:- Compositae.


Sesquiterpene, Costunolide.

USES:- Antitussive, Perfumery.

IPECAC

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots & rhizomes of

Cephaelis ipecacunha.

FAMILY:- Ipecacuanha.


Emetine, Psychotrine.

USES:- Expectorant, Emetic.

JATAMANSI

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots & rhizomes

of Nardostachys jatamansi.

FAMILY:- Valerianaceae.


Valeranone, Sesquiterpenes.

USES:- Sedative, In Palpitation of heart.

ARJUNA BARK

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried bark

of Terminalia arjuna.



Pyrocatechol tannins, Phytosterols.

USES:- Mild diuretic, Astringent.

VAJ

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried peeled & unpeeled

rhizomes Acorus calamus.

FAMILY:- Araceae.


shyobunone, asarone.

USES:- Antispasmodic, Tranquillizer.

MYRRH

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Oleo-gum resin obtained by incision of

stem Commiphora molmol.

FAMILY:- Burseraceae.


Cuminic acid, Sesquiterpenes.

USES:- Antiseptic, In Mouth washes.

INDIAN SQUILL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from sliced bulb

of Urginea indica kunth.

FAMILY:- Liliaceae.


Hellibrigenin, Strophanthidin.

USES:- Expectorant, Emetic.

BELLADONNA BARK

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the

plant Atropa belladonna.



Scopolamine, Belladonnine.

USES:- Antispasmodic, Cerebral sedative.

SHANKHPUSPHI

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried plant

of Evolvulus alsinoides.

FAMILY:- Convolvulaceae.


Betaine, Evolvine.

USES:- Antiphlogistic, Anthemintic.

EPHEDRA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stems

of Ephedra gerardiana.

FAMILY:- Genetaceae.


Ephedrine, Psedoephedrine.

USES:- In Mydriasis, Antiasmethic agent.

GINGELLY


Sesamum idicum.

FAMILY:- Pedaliaceae.


Palmitoleic,Eciosenoic .

USES:- Used in Cooking, Used to Pacify stress.

GOKHRU

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fruits

of Tribulus terrestris.

FAMILY:- Zygophyceae.


Hecogenin,Neotigogenin.

USES:- Diuretic,Aphrodisiac.

ASHOKA BARK

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stem

bark of Sarca indica.



Heamatoxylin,Ketosterol.

USES:- Astringent

Used in treatment of

Menorrhoegia,Leucorrhoea.

GUGGUL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the deep incisions of

stem bark of Commiphere wightii.

FAMILY:- Burseraceae.


Guggulsterone-z, E-guggulsteone.

USES:- -Inflammatory, Anti-rheumatic.

MYROBALAN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried mature fruits

of tree Termanalia chebula.

FAMILY:- Combrataceae.


Gallic acid,Glucogalon,Chebula acid.

USES:- Astringent,Laxative,Diuretic.

AJOWAN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe fruits of

plant Trchyspermum ammi.



Thymol, P-cymene, Pinene.

USES:- Anti-spasmodic,Preparations

of Lotions & Ointments.

PSORALEA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried ripe ripe

fruits of plants Pscoralia corlyfoliya.

FAMILY:- Leguminosea .


Pscorelen,Pscorelidin,Corylifolia.

USES:- Treatment of Leucoderma,Leprosy.

ANISE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- it is obtainded from dride ripen

fruits of Pimpinella anisum.

FAMILY:- Umbilliferacea.


Charicoal.Anisaldehide.

USES:- Carminative,Expectorent.

WOOL FAT

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from wool of sheep

Ovis aries linn.,

FAMILY:- Bovidae.


Cholestrol, Lanoceric, Lanopalmetic.

USES:- Creams and Cosmotic preparations.

CENTELLA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from plants of

Centella asiatica.

FAMILY:- Apiaceae.


Asiatic acid,Cassic acid.

USES:- Used in Brevages,Brain tonic,

Treat Skin diseases.

BENTONITE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained by pulverization of

Colloidal Alluminium Silicate.


Montmorillonite,Ferric acid,

Magnesium oxide.

USES:- Creams, Lipsticks ,

Depilatories.

GALANGA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rizomes

of Galanga.



Rasnadi Churnam, Maharasnadi kashayam.

USES:- Anti malarial activity.

As ingredient in species.

SHILAJIT

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is blackish-brown

exudation,obtained from steep roots found in himalayas.


Triterpenes, humic acid,

Fulvic acid.

USES:- * Dilation of cell walls

* Acts as catalyst in assimilations

of vitamins.

ALUM SPATIKA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is Obtained from hydrated potassium

aluminium sulphate.


Cryolite, bauxite, H2SO4 ALSO4.

USES:- used in cosmetics,

astringent, Deodorant.

PUNARNAVA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from roots and leaves of

Boerhavia diffusa.

FAMILY:- Nyctaginaceae.


Punarnavoside, Rotenoids.

Diuretic, Anti-inflammatory.

MANJISTHA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried stems

of Rakta pushpi rubia.

FAMILY:- Rubiaceae.


Rubiadin, Purpurin.

USES:- Treatment of Gouty arthritis

Treatment of Leucoderma

Blood purifier.

BORAX

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained naturally in seasonal lakes from

mineral Salts Of Boric Acid.


Anhydrous borax,

Borax pentahydrate,

Borax decahydrate.

USES:- Used for Tooth bleaching,

Used as Buffer & Complexing agent.

TALC

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained naturally from

Steatite.


Serpentine, Pyroxene, Amphibole.

USES:- * Pharmaceutical aid,

* As Lubricant in preprations

of pills .

C E L A S T R U SP A N I C U L A T U S

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried seeds of plant

woody liana.

FAMILY:- Celastraceae.


Malkanguniol.

USES:- Used in treatment of Memory loss.

RHUBARB

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizome of

Rheum webbianum.

FAMILY:- Polygonaceae.


Catechin, Emodin, Glucogallin.

USES:- Laxative, Antidiarrhoetic.

GENTIAN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried roots &

rhizomes of Gentiana lutea.

FAMILY:- Gentianceae.


Gentisin, Amarogentin.

USES:- Bitter tonic, to treat Anorexia.

BELLADONNA LEAVES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from leaves of the

Atropa belladonna.



Hyoscyamine, Scopalamine.

USES:- Mydratic, Antispasmodic.

TURMERIC

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizomes

of Curcuma longa.



Curcuminoids, Tumerone.

USES:- Anti-fertility agent, Carminative.

HONEY

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Secretion Obtained from the honey

comb of Apis indica.

FAMILY:- Apidae.


Invert sugars, Enzymes, Vitamins.

USES:- Pharmaceutical aid, Laxative.

KURCHI

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- consists of the dried stem bark of

Holarrhena antidysentrica.



Conessine, Kurichicine.

USES:- Anti dysentery, Anti periodic.

TRAGACANTH

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- it is a dried gummy exudation of

Astragalus gummifer.



Tragacanthin, Bassorin.

USES:- Demulcent, Suspending agent.

CLOVE

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- consists of the dried flower bud of

Eugenia caryophyllus.

FAMILY:- Myrtaceae.


Eugenol, Caryophyllene.

USES:- Antiseptic, Aromatic.

VASAKA LEAVES POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- consists of powdered dried & fresh

leaves of Adhatoda vasica.



Quniazoline, Peganine.

USES:- Expectorant. Bronchodilator.

CLOVE POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consists of the powered dried buds

of Eugenia caryophyllus.

FAMILY:- Myrtaceae.


Humulen, Eugenol.

USES:- Antiseptic, Aromatic.

ACACIA POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is the dried exudation of the stem &

branches of Acacia senegal.



Polysaccharides, Arabin.

USES:- Demulcent, Binding agent.

GINGER POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- it is a dried powered of the

rhizome Zingiber officinale.



Geraniol, Pantothenic acid.


GLYCYRRHIZA POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consists of the powered dried

roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra.



Liquiritin, Herniarin.

USES:- Anti-inflammatory,

Spasmolytic agent.

DILL POWDER


fruits of Anethum graveolens.



Myristicin, d-limonene.


PECTIN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It obtained by dilute acid extract of

the Rind of Citrus, Apple fruits etc.,

NATURE:- Viscous, colloidal &

mucilaginous.

USES:- Treatment of diarrhoea,

Treatment of wounds,

As a substitute for blood

plasma etc.,

GOKHRU POWDER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consists of the powered dried fruits

of Tribulus terrestris.

FAMILY:- Zygophyceae.


Saponin glycosides,

Steroidsapogenins.

USES:- Diuretic, Aphrodisiac.

ARJUNA BARK POWDER


barks of Terminalia arjuna.



Magnesium salts, Pyrocatechol

tannins.

USES:- Diuretic, Astringent.

AGAR

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- it is dried colloidal concerate obtained

by decoction of algae Gelidium.

FAMILY:- Gelidiaceae.


Agarose, Agaropectin.

USES:- Antiperiodic, Bitter tonic.

STRACH

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from grains of

Maize, Potato {e.g.}

FAMILY:- Solanaceae, Graminae.


Amylose, Amylopectin.

USES:- Pharmaceutical aid, Antidote for iodine poisoning.

DILL FRUITS

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried fruits of

Anethum graveolens.



Phellanderene, Carvone.


ASBESTOS

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained naturally from the

Silicate minerals.

TYPES:- The types asbestos are

* Serpentine

* Amphibole{e.t.c}


Iridoid glycosides, Picrohizin.

USES:- Earlier asbestos were used to treat impotence but due to

is several toxic effects it is banned in many countries.

R H U B A R B P O W D E R

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried powdered

rhizome of Rheum webbianum.

FAMILY:- Polygonaece.


Heterdianthrones, Catechin.

USES:- Laxative, Anti-diarrhoetic.

BLACK PEPPER

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fruit of plant

Piper nigrum.

FAMILY:- Piperaceae.


Pinpene, Terpinen.

USES:- Used in treatment of Constipation,

Diarrhoea, Insomnia.

CARAWAY

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the fruits of

plant Carum carvi.



Anethole, Carvone, Limonene.

USES:- Used in Lotions, Perfumes.

COFFEE SEEDS

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the seeds of plant

Coffea Arabica.

FAMILY:- Rubiaceae.


Caffeine.

USES:- Used in treatment of Alzheimer’s

used in Beverages.

TEA LEAVES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried leaves

of plant Camellia sinensis.

FAMILY:- Theaceae.


l-theanine, Tannins.

USES:- Used in Beverages,

Central nervous system stimulant.

GARLIC

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the bulbous of

plant Allium sativum.

FAMILY:- Amaryllidaceae.


Pantothenic acid, Thiamine.

USES:- Used to reduce Cholosterol,

Used as Vasodilation.

CASTOR OIL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the seeds of plant

Ricinus communis.

FAMILY:- Euphorbiaceae.


Linoleic acid, Ricinoleic acid.

USES:- Used as Laxative,

Used to make Biodiesel.

CUMIN

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the flowering parts

of plant Cuminum cyminum.

FAMILY:- Apiaceae.


Beta- pinene, Para-mycene.

USES:- Used in treatment of Diarrhoea,

Puerperal disorders.

TURPENTINE OIL

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the resins of

Canarium australianum.

FAMILY:- Pinaceae.


Camphene, Terpinolene.

USES:- Used in treatment of toothaches,

Used to treat nerve pains.

ASAFOETIDA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It is a oleo-gum resinus obtained

from the Ferula assa-foetida.

FAMILY:- Apiaceae.


Asaresinol ferulate, Ferulic acid.

USES:- Used as Anti-flatuent,

To treat Fluenza.

MAIZE


Zea mays.

FAMILY:- Poaceae.


Anthocyanins, Phlobaphenes.

USES:- Used as herbal supplement,

Used to produced biofuel.

KALMEGH

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consists of the aerial parts of the

Andrographis paniculata.



Andraographolides, Serphyllin.

USES:- Used in treatment of Stomachic,

Used to treat Dyspepsia.

KESAR

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the dried

stigma of Crocus sativus.

FAMILY:- Iridaceae.


Picrocrocin, Safranol.

USES:- Used as Antispasmodic,

Used as Flavouring & Colouring agent.

VINCA

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from the whole plant of

Catharanthus roseus.



Lochnerine, Vincristine.

USES:- Used in treatment Leukaemia,

Used as Anti-neoplastics.

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Parrmacognosy a quick review