CHAPTER 12Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations and

Current Research

ALFRED ADLER INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Focused on Social Interest – desire to relate

positively and productively

1. Striving for superiority – motivating force of lifeNegative effect – Inferiority Complex

2. Parental Influence – placed greater emphasis than Freud on role of parents in early personality development

3. Birth Order – First to emphasize in the shaping of personality

ERIK ERIKSON EGO PSYCHOLOGY

Concept of ego – Principle function is to establish and maintain identity

Identity – complex inner state that includes sense of individuality and uniqueness as well as sense of wholeness and continuity with past and future

Eight Stages of Man: Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Self-doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair

KAREN HORNEY FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY

Described psychological health and neurosis

Three general interacting styles: Moving toward people Moving against people Moving away from people

Electra Complex

CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY Differed from Freud in important ways:

Disagreed about sex (libido) as life force

Focused on interpersonal aspectsSpiritual and mystical matters

Jung believed in a connection to the inner rhythm of the universe : “synchronicity”

Transcendental experiences Collective Unconscious

JUNG - COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Result of the history of the human race – we as a species share memories and ideas – most are unconscious

The fundamental images of the collective unconscious are archetypes

JUNG - ARCHETYPES

Images that are at the core of how we think about the world both consciously and unconsciously

Sometimes disguised behind symbols, show up in dreams, thoughts, mythology – all over the world – repeatedly!

JUNG - ARCHETYPE OF THE ANIMA AND ANIMUSAnima Animus

Female Male

Held in the Held in themind of the male mind of the

female

JUNG - PERSONA Social mask we wear in public

Persona is always a false self

(Sociology and social psychology – similar)

How we relate to objects and our belief about objects

Danger – may come to identify with persona too much and lose self

JUNG - TYPES Jung was interested in determining

individual differences in personalityTwo distinct attitudes:

1. Person who draws back (Introversion)2. Person who goes forth (Extroversion)

More than two types of people:Ways of Thinking:

Sensation Intuition Thinking Feeling

QUESTIONS TO PONDER: Why might someone buy a vehicle like a

Humvee? Is it possible the person may or may not know all the reasons they bought this vehicle?

Describe an example of an advertisement that seem to target hidden motives for buying something.

Are people who are your parents/grandparents age still growing and changing? How?

Have you noticed the same character types showing up in films and books? Does Jung’s idea of the collective unconscious have anything to do with this?