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Phycology LecturePhycology LectureCoverageCoverage:: Algae: Microalgae - phytoplanktonAlgae: Microalgae - phytoplankton
Macroalgae - seaweedsMacroalgae - seaweedsSea grasses – vascular (upper margin Sea grasses – vascular (upper margin
of the of the intertidal zone) intertidal zone)
Mangroves – vascular (estuarine)Mangroves – vascular (estuarine)Beach and coastal – seashore (inland)Beach and coastal – seashore (inland)
Plants RequirePlants Require::Water and CO2Water and CO2Mineral ions/NutrientsMineral ions/NutrientsLight – for photosynthesisLight – for photosynthesis
DevelopmentDevelopment::Life cycle – alternation of sporophytic and Life cycle – alternation of sporophytic and
gametophytic generationgametophytic generationHigher plants –involve tissues Higher plants –involve tissues
(xylem – conduction of water (xylem – conduction of water (phloem – conduction of food / by(phloem – conduction of food / by
products of products of photosynthesis)photosynthesis)
Sporophytic GenerationSporophytic Generation Multi-celled diploid body producing Multi-celled diploid body producing
haploid haploid sporessporesGametophytic GenerationGametophytic Generation
Multi-celled haploid body producing Multi-celled haploid body producing haploid gameteshaploid gametes
Algae DivisionAlgae Division
Cyanophyta (blue-green)Cyanophyta (blue-green) - - Monera
Chrysophyta (golden algae/ diatoms)Chrysophyta (golden algae/ diatoms)
Englenophyta (photosynthetic Englenophyta (photosynthetic flagellates) flagellates) Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)
Rhodophyta – red algaeRhodophyta – red algae
Phaeophyta – brown algaePhaeophyta – brown algae
Chlorophyta – green algaeChlorophyta – green algae
Pyrrophyta/ Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)
Plantae
Intertidal Communication TiesIntertidal Communication Ties
SpeciesSpecies Major Sub-divisionMajor Sub-division Algal Groups Algal GroupsUltra, EnteromorphaUltra, Enteromorpha supra littoral zone supra littoral zone species w/ stand species w/ stand
dessicationdessicationProstrate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong wavesProstrate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong wavesSargassum, TurbinariaSargassum, Turbinaria mid littoral mid littoral species w/ species w/
anchored in deep anchored in deep substrate substrate
Brown AlgaeBrown Algae sub littoral sub littoral w/ stand variable w/ stand variable illuminationillumination
w/ stand wave actionw/ stand wave action w/ stand temperaturew/ stand temperature
FactorsFactorsa. Tidea. Tide
tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)
b. Exposure of Algaeb. Exposure of Algaeshore topographyshore topographywave actionwave actiontime of dessicationtime of dessication
c. Type of substratec. Type of substratebasic composition (material forming)basic composition (material forming)peeblepeeblecalcified rockcalcified rock
Algal Body/ThallusAlgal Body/Thallus Higher PlantsHigher Plants Algae Algae Roots rhizoids/rhizomes (holdfast)Roots rhizoids/rhizomes (holdfast) Stems stipesStems stipes Leaves bladesLeaves blades
Pigments:Pigments: Chlorophyll – a, b, c, d, eChlorophyll – a, b, c, d, e Carotenoids Carotenoids – – B B carotenecarotene, L-, L-carotenecarotene ( (yellowyellow)) Xantophyll – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Xantophyll – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Fucoxanthin,
Neoxanthin Neoxanthin ( yellow/golden)( yellow/golden) Phycobillins – Phycocyanin (blue-green), phycoerythrin (red, Phycobillins – Phycocyanin (blue-green), phycoerythrin (red,
purple) purple)
Reserved FoodsReserved Foods Cellulose Cellulose MannitolMannitol Laminarin/chrysolaminarinLaminarin/chrysolaminarin OilOil StarchStarch
MorphologyMorphology Filamentous – single/double strandedFilamentous – single/double stranded Foliose – blade likeFoliose – blade like Siphonoceous – siphonSiphonoceous – siphon Crustose – encrusted with CaCo3Crustose – encrusted with CaCo3 Parenchymatous-medulla cells cuboidal/sphericalParenchymatous-medulla cells cuboidal/spherical Pseudoparenchymatous-medulla cells isodiametricPseudoparenchymatous-medulla cells isodiametric
Location of Meristems – actively dividing cellLocation of Meristems – actively dividing cell Apical- apex region (elongate)Apical- apex region (elongate) Diffuse-all over (foliose)Diffuse-all over (foliose) Intercalary-at certain regions (usually give rise to branches)Intercalary-at certain regions (usually give rise to branches) Habit: Habit: sessile/attached sessile/attached Phytoplankton Phytoplankton
free-floating picoplankton- 2 umfree-floating picoplankton- 2 um planktonic ultraplankton – 2-5 umplanktonic ultraplankton – 2-5 um
nanoplankton – 5-20 nanoplankton – 5-20 microplankton – 20-200 microplankton – 20-200 umum
DivisionDivision PigmentPigment Reserved FoodReserved Food HabitHabit
CyanophytaCyanophyta chloro chloro aa starch starch planktonicplanktonic CaroteneCarotene benthicbenthic PhycobillinPhycobillin
ChrysophytaChrysophyta chloro chloro aa & & bb oil oil planktonic planktonic Xanthophyll chrysolaminarin Xanthophyll chrysolaminarin
Carotene Carotene benthicbenthic
PyrophytaPyrophyta chloro chloro aa & & cc starch starch planktonicplanktonic
XanthophyllXanthophyll oil oil Carotene fats Carotene fats Phaeophyta chloro Phaeophyta chloro a a & & c c laminarinlaminarin benthicbenthic XantophyllXantophyll oil oil Carotene Carotene
RhodophytaRhodophyta chloro chloro aa starch starch benthicbenthic CarotenesCarotenes PhycobillinPhycobillin
ChlorophytaChlorophyta chloro a & b starch chloro a & b starchbenthicbenthic
CaroteneCaroteneAnthophytaAnthophyta chloro a & b starch chloro a & b starch
benthicbenthic CarotenesCarotenes
Types of GametesTypes of Gametes1. isogametes (sex cells appear the same)1. isogametes (sex cells appear the same)2. anisogametes (unequal)2. anisogametes (unequal)3. heterogametes (unequal)3. heterogametes (unequal)4. homogametes (sex cells appear the same)4. homogametes (sex cells appear the same)
Spores ProducedSpores Produced Organs Organs
Monospore – Monospore – monosporgangiummonosporgangium
Tetraspore –Tetraspore – tetrasporangiatetrasporangia
Carpospores-Carpospores- carposporangiumcarposporangium
Conchospore- Conchospore- conchosporagium conchosporagium
Auxospore – Auxospore – auxosporangiaauxosporangia
Organs: Organs:
Male – antherium/spermatiumMale – antherium/spermatium
Female – ooganiumFemale – ooganium
Homogametes (sex cells appear the same) Homogametes (sex cells appear the same)
Special Types
FormsForms::
MorphologyMorphology
Crustose – encrusted w/ CaC03 -CoenocyticCrustose – encrusted w/ CaC03 -CoenocyticFilamentous – as a filament -CylindricalFilamentous – as a filament -CylindricalFoliaceous – leafy -CartilaginousFoliaceous – leafy -CartilaginousSiphonaceous –Siphonaceous –
DistributionDistribution- Based on availability of photosynthetic pigments (red and blue) - Based on availability of photosynthetic pigments (red and blue) and activation of accessory pigments, carotenoids, and activation of accessory pigments, carotenoids, xanthophylls and phycobillinsxanthophylls and phycobillins
HTMHTM Green (dominant) Green (dominant)
Intertidal/LitoralIntertidal/LitoralBrownBrownRed Red
Photosynthesis at;Photosynthesis at; LTMLTM- Red and Blue- Red and Blue Brown (dominant) Brown (dominant) Effective Light Effective Light
RedRedGreenGreen
Red (dominant)Red (dominant)GreenGreenBrownBrown
R O YR O Y GG B I VB I V
chlorophyll xanthophyl
ls carotenoids
chlorophyll
Water Level
Water CharacteristicsWater Characteristics::
TransparencyTransparency -affect photosynthesis at certain depth-affect photosynthesis at certain depthTurbidityTurbidity
-Low penetration-Low penetration -Limits photosynthesis-Limits photosynthesis
Substrate Characteristics:Substrate Characteristics: Algae types based on Root StructureAlgae types based on Root Structure
Holdfast – discoid holdfastHoldfast – discoid holdfastRhizoids – stolonRhizoids – stolonHaptere – spines/spiresHaptere – spines/spires
Ecology of the AlgaeEcology of the AlgaePhysical:Physical:
Temperature - factor for the rate of metabolism. Temperature - factor for the rate of metabolism. Higher the temperature, rate of Higher the temperature, rate of metabolism metabolism up to the optimum range.up to the optimum range.
Shelford’s Law of ToleranceShelford’s Law of Tolerance
fatal
deficient optimum
excessive
fatal
Factor (Temperature/Salinity etc.)
Temperature SourcesTemperature Sources::1. radiation1. radiation2. radioactive decay of substances2. radioactive decay of substances3. day length3. day length
Heat LossHeat Loss- - conductive processconductive process- convection- convection- current flow- current flow
Water Current/MovementWater Current/Movement- waves- waves- currents- currents -distribution of -distribution of nutrientsnutrients- tides- tides
Photynthesis – spectrum (ROYGBIV)Photynthesis – spectrum (ROYGBIV) Day length: long – chlorophyll & carotenoidsDay length: long – chlorophyll & carotenoids short –xanthophylls and phycobilinsshort –xanthophylls and phycobilins
Affects;Affects;-Metabolism-Metabolism-Growth-Growth-Occurrence-Occurrence-Distribution-Distribution
-Reproductive Maturity-Reproductive Maturity
Penetration and AbsorbancePenetration and AbsorbanceVisible light – 390 nm to 760 nmVisible light – 390 nm to 760 nmUltra violet light – 290 nm to 390 nmUltra violet light – 290 nm to 390 nm
Infrared – 760 nm to 3000 nmInfrared – 760 nm to 3000 nm________290_________390________760________30000________290_________390________760________30000
UVUV VL IR VL IR
FATE OF LIGHTFATE OF LIGHT
reflected (reflected (90%90%) ) scattered scattered scattered & reflected backscattered & reflected back
absorbed absorbedabsorbed absorbed (10-45%)(10-45%)
TransmittanceTransmittanceT = I1 / I2T = I1 / I2 Overall Overall I1 = irradiance at depth 1 TransmitanceI1 = irradiance at depth 1 Transmitance
I2 = irradiance at depthI2 = irradiance at depth
50 m I2
25 m I1
DistributionDistributionZonation of AlgaeZonation of Algae
Light Light - irradiance Green (upper)- irradiance Green (upper) - temperature- temperature - substrate - substrate Brown (mean)Brown (mean)
Red (deeper water)Red (deeper water) Change of LightChange of Light Effects:Effects:
- color pigmentation/activation- color pigmentation/activation - reserve food production rate- reserve food production rate
- reproductive biology- reproductive biology - gametophytic development- gametophytic development
- sporophytic development- sporophytic development
TemperatureTemperature
Effect:Effect:Biological organizationBiological organization - Molecular (biochemical reaction; - Molecular (biochemical reaction;
carbohydrate, carbohydrate, protein metabolism)protein metabolism) - Cellular- Cellular - Organismal- Organismal
- Community Structure- Community StructureOrgansOrgans:: Spermatangium – sperm (male) Spermatangium – sperm (male)
Ooganium – egg (female)Ooganium – egg (female) Sporangium – sporeSporangium – spore
Effects:Effects:High temperatureHigh temperature
- denaturation of protein- denaturation of protein- damage to enzymes- damage to enzymes- damage in the cell membrane- damage in the cell membrane
Low temperature:Low temperature:- causes disruption of lipids- causes disruption of lipids- damage to cell membrane- damage to cell membrane- mechanical damage of cell through the - mechanical damage of cell through the
formation of formation of ice crystal ice crystal
Tolerance Tolerance - increase in cellulose- increase in cellulose- increase in cell membrane- increase in cell membrane- frost camouflage- frost camouflage- increase in the reserve food products- increase in the reserve food products- efficient but minimal use of products- efficient but minimal use of products
Water MovementWater Movement- Current flow- Current flow- tradewind- tradewind- easterlies - easterlies
- westerlies - westerlies
EffectEffect- distribution of heat(- conduction, convection)- distribution of heat(- conduction, convection)- distribution of nutrients effected by:- distribution of nutrients effected by:
- surface rate- surface rate- vertical movement- vertical movement- upwelling- upwelling
- distribution of gases- distribution of gases- distribution of spores, sex cells- distribution of spores, sex cells
Generation of WavesGeneration of Waves1. caused by wind (meteorological)1. caused by wind (meteorological)2. caused by tide (gravitational pull )2. caused by tide (gravitational pull )3. earthquake and land slide (geologic3. earthquake and land slide (geologic))
Waves Result fromWaves Result from::1. Deflection of wind as it blows over the 1. Deflection of wind as it blows over the
surfacesurface2. changes in atmospheric pressure2. changes in atmospheric pressure
Anatomy of WavesAnatomy of Waves
H – height CrestH – height CrestT – time T – time L – length L – length D – water depthD – water depth
Length
Height Depth Time
Wave Break:
D = (4/3) H (shallow water)H = 1/7 (L) (deep water)
1st quarter1st quarter
Neap TideNeap Tide
Full Moon Full Moon Spring tide Spring tide Spring tide Spring tide New New MoonMoon
Neap Tide Neap Tide
3rd quarter3rd quarter
WavesWavesWC – wave crestWC – wave crestWT – wave time/periodWT – wave time/periodWH – wave heightWH – wave heightWD – wave depthWD – wave depth
Shallow water break happens when ¾ H ;Shallow water break happens when ¾ H ; i.e Drag/Friction at the bottom of the wave i.e Drag/Friction at the bottom of the wave
happenshappensTides – the periodic rise or fall of sea level due toTides – the periodic rise or fall of sea level due to
gravitational attraction between sun, gravitational attraction between sun, moon moon and earth and earth
Neap Tide (1st & 3rd Quarter)Neap Tide (1st & 3rd Quarter)
Centrifugal force(rotation of the earth in its axis)
Moon
Gravitational Pull
Spring Tide
ClassificationsClassifications::
Semi-diurnal – 2 Low and 2 HighSemi-diurnal – 2 Low and 2 High
Diurnal – Single Low and Single HighDiurnal – Single Low and Single High
Mixed – Semi-diurnal and single Mixed – Semi-diurnal and single low/single low/single
highhigh Spring tide (Spring tide (S – M – ES – M – E aligned) aligned) Neap tides (Neap tides (S – M- E atS – M- E at 45 45o o
angle)angle)
CurrentsCurrents Horizontal current – wind driven ( westernlies, easterlies, Horizontal current – wind driven ( westernlies, easterlies,
trade winds) Caused by prevailing wind patternstrade winds) Caused by prevailing wind patterns Deep Vertical CurrentsDeep Vertical Currents C-slope, C-rise and abyssal plain (the result of salinity C-slope, C-rise and abyssal plain (the result of salinity
and temperature gradient)and temperature gradient)
AirAir - mixture of different kinds of gases- mixture of different kinds of gases
Process;Process;
First;Equator and at warmer latitudes, heated First;Equator and at warmer latitudes, heated air air expands and rises expands and rises
Later: Later: Low pressure area is produced and cooled air Low pressure area is produced and cooled air
movesmovesRising air is carried north or south of the equator Rising air is carried north or south of the equator
and eventually cools, contracts and sinks, creating and eventually cools, contracts and sinks, creating a high pressure areaa high pressure area
Deflection of air masses : to the right in N. Deflection of air masses : to the right in N. Hemisphere and to the left in S. Hemisphere Hemisphere and to the left in S. Hemisphere due to Coriolis effect because of the spinning of due to Coriolis effect because of the spinning of the planet.the planet.
Easterly TradewindEasterly Tradewind
- - produces the equatorial currentproduces the equatorial current EQ Current : North – western B. currentEQ Current : North – western B. current
Eastwind - Western Trade windEastwind - Western Trade windVertical CurrentsVertical Currents
Upwelling/Downwelling Caused byUpwelling/Downwelling Caused by::1. halocline/thermocline (salinity/density and 1. halocline/thermocline (salinity/density and
temperature grdient)temperature grdient)2. Offshore winds – push the surface and cause 2. Offshore winds – push the surface and cause the the deep water to move to the surface.deep water to move to the surface.
3. Divergence – produced when deep 3. Divergence – produced when deep water water and surface current and surface current interaction occurs that interaction occurs that is possible is possible when when currents pass through currents pass through another currentanother current
4. Wake strain – nearby water surface 4. Wake strain – nearby water surface is is pulled along with a strong currentpulled along with a strong current
5. Turbulence – due to rapid current 5. Turbulence – due to rapid current passing passing over shallow and rough over shallow and rough benthosbenthos
Chemical FactorsChemical FactorsAffect the: Occurrence of marine plantsAffect the: Occurrence of marine plants
Distribution Distribution AbundanceAbundanceRep cycle – seasonal (die-off; dormant Rep cycle – seasonal (die-off; dormant
in in the production of sex cell/sporethe production of sex cell/sporeFactorsFactors::
Pure water plus salt (Na, Cl, Mg ,Ca) increase, Pure water plus salt (Na, Cl, Mg ,Ca) increase, correspondingly increase correspondingly increase 1. osmotic pressure1. osmotic pressure2. boiling pt2. boiling pt3. density3. density4. conductance4. conductance
Lower:Lower:1. vapor pressure1. vapor pressure2. freezing pt (solidify pure water)2. freezing pt (solidify pure water)
SalinitySalinity Ranges;Ranges; Oceanic – 32-38 pptOceanic – 32-38 ppt
Neritic – 25 – 32 pptNeritic – 25 – 32 ppt
Estuarine – 1-15-32 pptEstuarine – 1-15-32 ppt
Hypersaline (Red Sea) – above 38 pptHypersaline (Red Sea) – above 38 ppt
Seaweeds ClassificationSeaweeds ClassificationEuryhaline – 30 to 40 pptEuryhaline – 30 to 40 ppt
Polyhaline – 18 to 30 pptPolyhaline – 18 to 30 ppt
Mesohaline – 3 to 18 pptMesohaline – 3 to 18 ppt
Oligohaline - .5 to 3 pptOligohaline - .5 to 3 ppt
Brackist - .5 to 5 pptBrackist - .5 to 5 ppt
Measurement of SalinityMeasurement of Salinity1. Density – hydrometer – specific gravity1. Density – hydrometer – specific gravity
pycnometer – wt of salts pycnometer – wt of salts both consider standard temperature and pressureboth consider standard temperature and pressure
2. Resistance to electrical current – conductivity 2. Resistance to electrical current – conductivity metermeter
- salinometer- salinometer3. Bending of right from air to seawater –3. Bending of right from air to seawater –
refractometerrefractometer4. Concentration of chlorine – chlorinity; titration with 4. Concentration of chlorine – chlorinity; titration with
AgN03 as major saltAgN03 as major salt Hydrometer – sp. Gravity x salt (k)Hydrometer – sp. Gravity x salt (k) Pycnometer – weight of saltsPycnometer – weight of salts Refractometer – measures the refraction index of Refractometer – measures the refraction index of
medium air to pure water = 1.3330medium air to pure water = 1.3330
Conductivity Meter – amount of chlorineConductivity Meter – amount of chlorine Cl (ppt) = 0.7324 R15Cl (ppt) = 0.7324 R15
RR1515 = rate of electrical conductance of one = rate of electrical conductance of one sample to one where;sample to one where; Salinity = 35 ppt; 1 atms 15oCSalinity = 35 ppt; 1 atms 15oC Sal = .003 + (1.805 x chlorinity (20oC)Sal = .003 + (1.805 x chlorinity (20oC)
Lab: AgN03 + NACl – AgCl + NaN03Lab: AgN03 + NACl – AgCl + NaN03
Dissolved Oxygen;Dissolved Oxygen;0.9% in water0.9% in water21% in air21% in air
SourcesSources: : Air, PlantsAir, Plants
ConcentrationConcentration::Polar – (2x) – compared to tropical region Polar – (2x) – compared to tropical region
Lower temperature/salinityLower temperature/salinityBelow photic zone = 0.2 to .3% (low)Below photic zone = 0.2 to .3% (low)Run-off = high O2Run-off = high O2
C02 in SeawaterC02 in SeawaterAvailable either as:Available either as:
C03C03HC03HC03H2C03H2C03
H + removal (Acid) – negative effect H + removal (Acid) – negative effect (Nutrients/elements are tied (Nutrients/elements are tied
up untilup untilAlkaline free)Alkaline free)
Ion Concentration in SeawaterIon Concentration in Seawater6.86.8 – 8.4 (normal reading) – 8.4 (normal reading)pH – rises ; C02 is removed via pH – rises ; C02 is removed via photosynthesisphotosynthesispH – lowered; C02 is added via respirationpH – lowered; C02 is added via respiration
Removal of C02Removal of C02- - CarbonateCarbonate- Bicarbonate- Bicarbonate- Carbonic acid- Carbonic acid
NutrientsNutrients2l – essential elements other trace 2l – essential elements other trace elementselements4 – elements for plant growth4 – elements for plant growth -C, N, P, K, O-C, N, P, K, O
S - major component in protein S - major component in protein synthesis (300 mg/L (Sisynthesis (300 mg/L (Si0022) diatoms)) diatoms)
0 – 857,000 mg/L0 – 857,000 mg/L N – 28 mg/LN – 28 mg/L P – 0.07 mg/LP – 0.07 mg/L K – 0.03 mg/LK – 0.03 mg/L C – 28 mg/LC – 28 mg/L
Auxotrophic (seaweeds) req. some Auxotrophic (seaweeds) req. some VitaminsVitamins::BB1212 – Cyanocobalamin – Cyanocobalamin
B1 - ThiamineB1 - Thiamine BiotinBiotin
NitrogenousNitrogenousN03 – nitrate – 1 to 43 ; H2PO4 0.07- N03 – nitrate – 1 to 43 ; H2PO4 0.07- 0.070.07N02 - nitrite – 0.01 to 3.5N02 - nitrite – 0.01 to 3.5NH3 - ammonia – 0.35 to 3.5NH3 - ammonia – 0.35 to 3.5
Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle Plants Plants
AnimalsAnimals UrineUrineDecompositionDecomposition(bacteria and fungi)(bacteria and fungi)
AtmosphereAtmosphere Amino acidAmino acidDissolved N2Dissolved N2 AmmonificationAmmonification
N2 fixation Photochemical fixation N2 fixation Photochemical fixation Denitrification Denitrification Ammonia Ammonia (Lightning)(Lightning)
(Blue green algae) (Blue green algae) ammoniaammonia
NitrateNitrate(NO3)(NO3) Nitrite(NO2)Nitrite(NO2) NitrificationNitrification
PhosphorousPhosphorous
Silica (cell wall formation)Silica (cell wall formation)Si0Si022 – 0 – 0.5 mg/L – 0 – 0.5 mg/L
Phosphorous CyclePhosphorous Cycle
LandLand PlantsPlants Higher Organisms Higher Organisms
WeatheringWeathering Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate (inorganic) (organic)(inorganic) (organic)
Particulate Particulate Phosphorus Phosphorus
(inorganic + organic)(inorganic + organic) SedimentSediment
Macro Algae (Seaweeds)Macro Algae (Seaweeds)1. Unicellular to filamentous - Chlorophyta1. Unicellular to filamentous - Chlorophyta2. filamentous to thalloid - Phaecophyta 2. filamentous to thalloid - Phaecophyta
- Rhodophyta - Rhodophyta Evolved – Pre-cambrianEvolved – Pre-cambrian
Types of MeristemTypes of Meristem1. apical meristem – division of apical cells1. apical meristem – division of apical cells2. diffuse meristem – throughout the plant2. diffuse meristem – throughout the plant3. intercallary meristem – specific growth 3. intercallary meristem – specific growth regionsregions
Growth ConstructionGrowth Construction
1. filamentous – one to two rows of cells 1. filamentous – one to two rows of cells ((CladophoraCladophora))
2. foliose – flattened/membranous 2. foliose – flattened/membranous ((Halymenia)Halymenia)
Cytology of Green AlgaeCytology of Green AlgaeI. Physiological CharacteristicsI. Physiological Characteristics
1. chloro a and b1. chloro a and b2. B – carotene2. B – carotene3. xanthophylls3. xanthophylls
- lutein- lutein- zeaxanthin- zeaxanthin- violaxanthin- violaxanthin- siphonin- siphonin- siphonoxanthin (play a role in - siphonoxanthin (play a role in
acclimation inacclimation in deep water to the b-g spectrumdeep water to the b-g spectrum
II. Cell StructureII. Cell Structure- eukaryotic- eukaryotic- uninucleated (most)- uninucleated (most)- multi nucleated (few)- multi nucleated (few)- coenocytic – multinucleated in a single - coenocytic – multinucleated in a single
cellcellIII. Chloroplast (thyllakoids)III. Chloroplast (thyllakoids)
- cup- shaped- cup- shaped- discoid- discoid- reticulate- reticulate- laminate- laminate
Pyrenoids – amylase containing protein bodiesPyrenoids – amylase containing protein bodies
IV. Cell WallIV. Cell Wall- cellulose microfibrils – typical in flowering - cellulose microfibrils – typical in flowering
plants and plants and UlvalvesUlvalves- highly crystalline siphonodadales - highly crystalline siphonodadales
((CladophoralesCladophorales))- polymers of xylan and mannan (- polymers of xylan and mannan (CaulerpalesCaulerpales))- CaC03- CaC03
V. Cell DivisionV. Cell Divisiona. Karyokinesisa. Karyokinesis - closed (intranuclear) – no break of n. membrane- closed (intranuclear) – no break of n. membrane
- open (nuclear envelop disappears , e.g. like in - open (nuclear envelop disappears , e.g. like in flowering plants)flowering plants)
b. Cytokinesis b. Cytokinesis - closed - spindle fibers parallel to cross - closed - spindle fibers parallel to cross
wall wall - open – spindle fibers at right angle - open – spindle fibers at right angle
Asexual spores – zoosporesAsexual spores – zoosporesMotile cells:Motile cells:- Isokontae – pair of apically inserted - Isokontae – pair of apically inserted
flagella flagella of equal length that lack hairsof equal length that lack hairs
- Heterokontae – unequal length- Heterokontae – unequal length Life HistoryLife History
Alternation of: Haploid (gametophytic)Alternation of: Haploid (gametophytic) Diploid (sporophytic)Diploid (sporophytic)
PatternsPatterns Haplontic – dominant phase is haploid with zygoteHaplontic – dominant phase is haploid with zygote only as diploidonly as diploid
FusionFusion zygotezygote
1N1N 2N 2Ngametesgametes
ZygosporeZygospore
MeiosisMeiosis 2N2N
ZygosporeZygospore
Diplontic Life History – diploid phase is dominantDiplontic Life History – diploid phase is dominant
Anteridia Anteridia
FusionFusion
OogoniaOogonia 1N 1N 2N 2N
MeiosisMeiosis
1N 1N 2N 2N
Haplodiplontic – dominant phases are haploid and Haplodiplontic – dominant phases are haploid and
diploiddiploid
FusionFusion
Gametophytic 1N 2NGametophytic 1N 2N
SporophyticSporophytic
MeiosisMeiosis
IsomorphicIsomorphic
Heteromorphic – haploid & diploid; unequalHeteromorphic – haploid & diploid; unequal
FusionFusion
1N1N 2N 2N
MeiosisMeiosis
ChlorophytaChlorophytaTaxonomyTaxonomy
Class (phyceae)Class (phyceae)1. Chlorophyceae1. Chlorophyceae2. Prasinophyceae2. Prasinophyceae3. Charophyceae3. Charophyceae
Prasinophyceae FeaturesPrasinophyceae Features::1. unicellular, motile and appearing as green1. unicellular, motile and appearing as green2. cells with one or more layers of fibrillar scales2. cells with one or more layers of fibrillar scales3. the flagella is always attached in groove 3. the flagella is always attached in groove covered with covered with scales scales and hairsand hairs4. the flagellal roots with complex basal body4. the flagellal roots with complex basal body5. with single round- shaped chloroplast with 5. with single round- shaped chloroplast with pyrenoidspyrenoids6. specialized ejectosome. e.g. Pyraminomas – 6. specialized ejectosome. e.g. Pyraminomas – pear-pear- shaped unicel with 4 flagellashaped unicel with 4 flagella
CharophyceaeCharophyceae – – stone worts; ancient origin/evolutionstone worts; ancient origin/evolutionDivision:Division: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae
Chloroplast with pyrenoidChloroplast with pyrenoid– multi- uninucleatedmulti- uninucleated– haploid – haplodiplontic life historyhaploid – haplodiplontic life history– filamentous/caenocytic morphologyfilamentous/caenocytic morphology
1. Order: 1. Order: Ulvales Family: Percuriaceae - biserriate
Schizomeraceae - uniseriate Prasiolaceae -
filamentous/monostromatic Monostromaceae - monostromatic Ulvaceae - diastromatic and - diastromatic and
tubulartubular
Common CharactericticsCommon Characterictics::Parietal chloroplastParietal chloroplastLaminateLaminatePyrenoidPyrenoidRep-roduction(Anisogany/Isogamy)Rep-roduction(Anisogany/Isogamy)
2. Order: 2. Order: Chladophorales Genera: Cladophoraceae- filamentous
Rhizoclonium - - delicate, delicate, unbranched unbranched filament filament with rhizoidswith rhizoids
Chaetomorpha-Chaetomorpha- coarse, coarse, unbranchedunbranched
Cladophora -Cladophora - branching filamentbranching filament
Family: Family: Anadyomanaceae Anadyomanaceae - filamentous but - filamentous but fused to form fused to form
bladesblades Anadyomene Anadyomene - brilliant green with- brilliant green with
anastomosed filaments anastomosed filaments
3. Order 3. Order Acrosiphonales Family: Acrosiphonaceae Genera: Genera: UrosporaUrospora -- unbranched unbranched
filamentfilament SpongoporaSpongopora -- branched, branched,
uninucleateduninucleated AcrosiphoniaAcrosiphonia -- branched, branched,
multinucleatedmultinucleatedGeneral Characteristics:General Characteristics: - - single perforated chloroplast with hetero single perforated chloroplast with hetero
– haplodiplontic life history – haplodiplontic life history
4. Order 4. Order Siphonocladales Family: Family: Siphonocladaceae - filamentous Family: Boodleaceae - - net like blade net like blade
with with anastomosing anastomosing filamentsfilaments
Family: Family: Volaniaceae - aggregation of vesicle Siphoclodales Boodlea Valonia
General Characteristics:General Characteristics:- segregated cell division- segregated cell division- they enlarge to form and equal or similar - they enlarge to form and equal or similar
vesiclevesiclee.g. velonia degagropilae.g. velonia degagropila dictyospharia caveriosadictyospharia caveriosa
5. Order 5. Order Caulerpales – siphonous, coenocytic– siphonous, coenocytic Family: Family: Bryopsidaceae Genera: Genera: BroyopsisBroyopsis – hetero- haplo-diplontic – hetero- haplo-diplontic
life life history history DerbesiaDerbesia
Family Family Caulerpaceae – erect blades with rhizoid – erect blades with rhizoid - Trebeulae in growth of cell wall - Trebeulae in growth of cell wall - Leucoplast – without cross wall (coenocytic)- Leucoplast – without cross wall (coenocytic)
Genera: Genera: CaulerpaCaulerpa
Family Family Codiaceae – coenocytic with filament – coenocytic with filament called called siphons siphons - surface cell is made of utricles- surface cell is made of utricles - diplontic, onisogametes- diplontic, onisogametes
Family Family Udoteaceae – heavily certified to– heavily certified to Genera: Genera: HalimedaHalimeda
UdoteaUdotea PenicillusPenicillus ChlorodesmisChlorodesmis
AvrainvilleaAvrainvillea
6. Order Dassyclaudales6. Order Dassyclaudales 2 Family - Dasaycladaceae2 Family - Dasaycladaceae
AcetabulariaceaeAcetabulariaceae Characteristics: whorl branchingCharacteristics: whorl branching
Superficial calcificationSuperficial calcificationDiplontic, isogametic (produced in Diplontic, isogametic (produced in
cyst)cyst) Genera: Genera: DasycladeaDasycladea
CymopoliaCymopolia AcetabulariaAcetabularia
DivisionDivision: : PhaeophytaPhaeophyta (Brown Algae(Brown Algae)) Class:Class: PhaeophyceaePhaeophyceae
265 genera265 genera1,500 – 2,000 species1,500 – 2,000 species
ConstructionConstructiona. filamentousa. filamentousb. massive intertidal growthb. massive intertidal growthc. lithophytic – attached to stable substratec. lithophytic – attached to stable substrated. epiphytic – living on surface of other plantsd. epiphytic – living on surface of other plantse. drift population (S. filamentouse. drift population (S. filamentous
(S. ratens(S. ratensUsesUses::
- alginic acid (medicine, ice cream, shampoo)- alginic acid (medicine, ice cream, shampoo)- fodder (food of animal additives- fodder (food of animal additives- fertilizer- fertilizer
CytologyCytology- Chloro a & c - Chloro a & c - B. carotene- B. carotene
fucoxanthin and neofucoxanthin – brownish, fucoxanthin and neofucoxanthin – brownish, golden golden brown, brown-green, greenish, yellow color brown, brown-green, greenish, yellow color - Carotenoids- Carotenoids
- Uninucleated- Uninucleated- Thallykoid in bonds of 3- Thallykoid in bonds of 3- Reserved food- Reserved food
Motile CellsMotile Cells- heterokontae (unequal flagellum – usually - heterokontae (unequal flagellum – usually
inserted)inserted)a. acronomatica. acronomatic
- shorter- shorter- smooth- smooth- basally oriented- basally oriented
bb. pleuronomatic. pleuronomatic- long- long- anteriorly nemated- anteriorly nemated- hairy- hairy
Life HistoryLife History- diplontic- diplontic-gametes derived in sporangia-gametes derived in sporangia
1. unilocular1. unilocular2. plurilocular2. plurilocular
TaxonomyTaxonomy1. 1. Ectocarpales
Ectocarpaceae Ectocarpus
Characteristics:Characteristics:- uniseriate filament- uniseriate filament- isomorphic – equal in form- isomorphic – equal in form
2. 2. Ralfsiales Ralfsiaceae
RalfsiaNeoderma
Characteristics:Characteristics:- crustose morphology- crustose morphology- diplontic- diplontic- gametes (isogametes, heterogametes)- gametes (isogametes, heterogametes)
3. 3. Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae
ClodostaphusHolotrix
Characteristics:Characteristics:-small, filamentous, multiseriated-small, filamentous, multiseriated
4. Class 4. Class Tiliopteridales- filamentous construction- filamentous construction- uniseriate – multiseriate- uniseriate – multiseriate- trichothallic growth- trichothallic growth
Genus: Genus: HalosporaHalospora
5. Class 5. Class Cutleriales- amisogamete- amisogamete- crustose morphology- crustose morphology- trichothallic- trichothallic- alternation of isomorphic life history- alternation of isomorphic life history
6. Class Dictyotales6. Class Dictyotales- pan tropical- pan tropical- isomorphic – haplo-diplomatic- isomorphic – haplo-diplomatic- parenchymatous construction- parenchymatous construction
DIVISION PHAEOPHYTADIVISION PHAEOPHYTACharacteristics:Characteristics:
- chloro a and c- chloro a and c- fucoxanthin (xanthophylls) predominate- fucoxanthin (xanthophylls) predominate- laminarin and oil are reserved foods- laminarin and oil are reserved foods- haplo-diplomatic life history- haplo-diplomatic life history
asexual – fragmentation (vegetative)asexual – fragmentation (vegetative)sexual – isogametessexual – isogametes
- products: alginate- products: alginate
Order FucalesOrder Fucales
Blade morphologyBlade morphology
- crustose – encrusted with lime- crustose – encrusted with lime
- duplicated – double margin- duplicated – double margin
- cystic – enclosed reproductive structure- cystic – enclosed reproductive structure
(antheridium – sperm)(antheridium – sperm)
(ooganium – egg)(ooganium – egg)
2 years life cycle2 years life cycle
1st year – vegetative growth1st year – vegetative growth
2nd year – reproductive age2nd year – reproductive age
Family Family FucaceaeGenera: Genera: HormophysaHormophysa (triangular blade) (triangular blade)
Sargassum duplicationSargassum duplication S. crispifoliumS. crispifolium S. polycystumS. polycystum S. giganteifoliumS. giganteifolium
Characteristics:Characteristics:- predominantly floating (pneumatocyst)- predominantly floating (pneumatocyst)- erect thallus with air bladder- erect thallus with air bladder- at the margin of littoral and sub-littoral - at the margin of littoral and sub-littoral
zonezoneGenera: Genera: Turbinaria ornataTurbinaria ornata (ornate leaf without (ornate leaf without branching)branching) T. trialataT. trialata (with branching) (with branching)
Family Family CystoseriaceaeCharacteristics:Characteristics:
- triangular type of thallus- triangular type of thallus- seldom with air bladder- seldom with air bladder
Genera: Genera: Hormophysa triquetraHormophysa triquetra’’ CystoseiraCystoseira
Order Order ScytosiphonalesGeneral Characteristics:General Characteristics:
- hallow ball structure erupting at maturity- hallow ball structure erupting at maturity- morphology net-like to ball-like- morphology net-like to ball-like- sexual reproduction only- sexual reproduction only- seasonal (summer)- seasonal (summer)
Family Family Scytosiphonacea
Genera: Genera: ScytosiphonScytosiphon
HydroclathusHydroclathus
ChnooseporaChnoosepora
ColpomeniaColpomenia
Order Order DictyotalesDictyotales
General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
- divaricate branching- divaricate branching
- heavily calcified- heavily calcified
- linear branching to flabellate- linear branching to flabellate
Family Family DictyotaceaeGenus Dictyoty – linear branch, turcated, semi-Genus Dictyoty – linear branch, turcated, semi-permanentpermanent
Padina – flabellate blades, destructs lines of Padina – flabellate blades, destructs lines of growth, growth,
heavy calcificationheavy calcification
Economic ImportanceEconomic Importance- source of alginate- source of alginate - medicinal property- medicinal property- fertilizer- fertilizer - insecticidal property- insecticidal property- animal fodder - animal fodder
LaminarialesLaminariales- large group of brown algae- large group of brown algae- hetero morphic (unequal; sporophytic; - hetero morphic (unequal; sporophytic; gametophytic)gametophytic)- developed:- developed:
rhizoidrhizoidstemstembladeblade
RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA)RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA) CharacteristicsCharacteristics
- intertidal to subtidal – chloro to phycoerythrin - intertidal to subtidal – chloro to phycoerythrin change in colorchange in color
- enkaryotic- enkaryotic- flagella lacking- flagella lacking- phycobillin (phycoerythrin- phycobillin (phycoerythrin- reserved food (Floridean starch)- reserved food (Floridean starch)
long chain of glucose to lipidlong chain of glucose to lipid
CytologyCytology- Chloro A packed in a thyllakoid- Chloro A packed in a thyllakoid- Phycocyanin- Phycocyanin
r – phycocyaninr – phycocyaninc – phycocyaninc – phycocyanin
- Carotenoids- CarotenoidsB- caroteneB- caroteneL – caroteneL – carotene
- pyrenoid (starch grain) distinct- pyrenoid (starch grain) distinct- phycocolloids- phycocolloids
agar-(agarophytes)agar-(agarophytes)carrageenan –( carrageenophyte)carrageenan –( carrageenophyte)funoranfunoranfucellarianfucellarian
- starch (Floridean)- starch (Floridean)XyloseXyloseamylaseamylase
Life HistoryLife History- - triphasic (3 life stages)life history triphasic (3 life stages)life history 1. gametophytic – produce gametes1. gametophytic – produce gametes2. carposphorophytic – produce carpaspore2. carposphorophytic – produce carpaspore3. tetrasporophytic – produce tetraspore3. tetrasporophytic – produce tetraspore
Other Spore Types (Asexual)Other Spore Types (Asexual)- monospore – derived monosporagia- monospore – derived monosporagia- paraspore – derived parasporangia- paraspore – derived parasporangia- carpospore – derived carposporangia- carpospore – derived carposporangia
TaxonomyTaxonomyDIVISION – RHODOPHYTADIVISION – RHODOPHYTA Class – RhodophycidaeClass – Rhodophycidae
Sub class – Sub class – Bangiophycidae Floridiophycidae
Characteristics:Characteristics:– uninucleate cellsuninucleate cells– single stellate central plastidssingle stellate central plastids– diffuse (intercellary) meristemdiffuse (intercellary) meristem– absence of pit connectionabsence of pit connection– must have absent sexual reproductionmust have absent sexual reproduction– except, parphyra, bangia and polysiphoniaexcept, parphyra, bangia and polysiphonia– simple venicellular in multicellular groupsimple venicellular in multicellular group
3 Orders3 OrdersParphyridialesParphyridialesCampsogonalesCampsogonalesBangialesBangiales
a) Prephyridiales– UnicellularUnicellular - pseudofilamentous- pseudofilamentous– Colonial - no sexual reproductionColonial - no sexual reproduction
b) Comprogonales– produce monospore of unequal divisionproduce monospore of unequal division– Rep Groups:Rep Groups:
- Erythrocladia – filamentous- Erythrocladia – filamentous- Erythrotrichia- Erythrotrichia
c) Bangialesmonotype – monostromamonotype – monostroma– diatromaticdiatromatic– filamentousfilamentous
Rep. GroupRep. Group- Bangia- Bangia- Porphyra- Porphyra
Sub-classSub-class – – Florideophycidaeoccurrence of multinucleated cellsoccurrence of multinucleated cellspresence of pit plugpresence of pit plugpresence of several discoid chloroplastpresence of several discoid chloroplastapical cell divisionapical cell divisionmulticellular (macroscopic)multicellular (macroscopic)sexual reproduction (gametophytic sexual reproduction (gametophytic plant)plant)
Order: Order: Bangiales Family: Family: Bangiaceae Genera: Genera: PorphyraPorphyra
BangiaBangiaOrder: Order: Palmariales Genera: Genera: RhodymeniaRhodymenia
Order: Order: Nemalionales Genera: Genera: LiagoraLiagora ;soft calcareous Helminthocladia ;soft calcareous HelminthocladiaOrder: Order: Bonnemaisorales Genera: Genera: BonnamaisonaBonnamaisona AsparagosisAsparagosisOrder: CryptomonialesOrder: Cryptomoniales Genera: Genera: HalymeniaHalymenia
CrytonemiaCrytonemia w/ auxiliary cells w/ auxiliary cells GrateloupiaGrateloupia
Order: Order: Corallinales Genera: Genera: CorallinaCorallina LithothammionLithothammion AmphiroaAmphiroa JaniaJaniaOrder: Order: Gigartinales Family: Family: Chaetangiaeecae
Galaxura
Order: Gigantinales Family: Solieriaceae
Eucheuma Kappaphycus
Family: Gracilariaceae Gracilaria
Order: Ceremiales Family: Ceremiaceae Genera: Ceramium
Lithothamnium Family: Dellesereaceae Genera: Rhodomelaceae
Laurancia Acanthophora
Florideophycideae
ClassesClasses::Palmariales
- male gametophye and tetrasporophytes are - male gametophye and tetrasporophytes are microscopicmicroscopic
- female gametophyte is microscopic- female gametophyte is microscopic- tetrasporophyte is parasite in female - tetrasporophyte is parasite in female
gametophytegametophyte Genus:Genus:
Palmaria/RhodymeniaPalmaria/RhodymeniaNemalialesNemaliales
- heterotrichous – crest or postrate - heterotrichous – crest or postrate thallusthallus
Family: Family: Helminthocladaceaeee.g.e.g. Liagora Liagora – heavily calcified – heavily calcified
HelmithocladiaHelmithocladia – gelatinous – gelatinous
GelidialesGelidiales- typical triphasic life history- typical triphasic life historygametophyticgametophytictetrasporophytictetrasporophytic- presence of nutritive cells (after - presence of nutritive cells (after
fertilization)fertilization)- agar sources- agar sources
Genera: Genera: Gelidiella Gelidiella GelidiumGelidium
BonnemaisonalesBonnemaisona- heteromorphic
gametophytic, tetrasporophytic generation
Asparagopsis – fee living filamentous; tetrasporophytic
CryptonemialesCryptonemiales- auxiliary cells on a vegetative branch- auxiliary cells on a vegetative branch
Genera:Genera:- - CryptonemialesCryptonemiales – heteromorphic life – heteromorphic life history w/ crustae history w/ crustae -G-Gloiosiphonloiosiphon – tetrasporic phase and – tetrasporic phase and
fleshy gametophyte fleshy gametophytee.ge.g. Halymenia. Halymenia,, Grateloupia Grateloupia, ,
GGloiosiphonloiosiphon CorallinalesCorallinales
- with white cells- with white cells- reproduction structure in pits - reproduction structure in pits conceptacle conceptacle- intercalary and apical meristem- intercalary and apical meristem
Articulated species (non-calcified with genicula , Articulated species (non-calcified with genicula , joint joint
between segments)between segments) e.g. e.g. AmphiroaAmphiroaNon-articulated speciesNon-articulated species - lack genicula which are crustose with - lack genicula which are crustose with erect non- erect non-
jointed branchedjointed branched e.g. Le.g. Lithothannionithothannion
Family: Family: SolieriaceaeSolieriaceae Genera: Genera: Soliera, EucheumaSoliera, EucheumaFamily; KappaphyceaeFamily; Kappaphyceae Characteristics:Characteristics:
- fission of cells that occur during fertilization- fission of cells that occur during fertilization- some have filamentous medulla- some have filamentous medulla
Family: Family: Gracilariaceae- multiaxial construction w/ medullary layer which is - multiaxial construction w/ medullary layer which is
parenchymatousparenchymatousGenera: Genera: GracilariaGracilaria GigartinaGigartina MastocarpusMastocarpusRhodymeniales- multi axial growth and triphasis life history - multi axial growth and triphasis life history (isomorphic)(isomorphic)- gametophyte with a procarp (arrangement of 3 to - gametophyte with a procarp (arrangement of 3 to 4 cells carpogonial branches adjacent 2 auxiliary 4 cells carpogonial branches adjacent 2 auxiliary cells cells e.g. Genera: e.g. Genera:
CChampiahampia CChrysonemiahrysonemia
Ceremiales- filamentous, uniseriated- filamentous, uniseriated- carposporophytic stage is exposed- carposporophytic stage is exposed- multinucleated cell- multinucleated cell- pit connection visible- pit connection visible
3 Family (3 Family (Dascyaceae, Rhodomelaceae, are , are provided with provided with
trichoblast /colorless hair)trichoblast /colorless hair)
Genera: Genera: LaurenciaLaurencia HypneaHypnea
AcantophoraAcantophora DasyaDasya
Intertidal Communication TiesSpecies Major Sub-division Algal GroupsUltra Enteromorpha supra littoral zoneUltra Enteromorpha supra littoral zone species w/ stand species w/ stand
dessicationdessicationProstate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ Prostate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/
strong wavesstrong wavesSargassum turbinaria mid littoralSargassum turbinaria mid littoral species w/ species w/
anchored in deepanchored in deep SubstrateSubstrate
Brown Algae sub littoralBrown Algae sub littoral w/ stand w/ stand variable illuminationvariable illumination
w/ stand wave actionw/ stand wave action w/ stand temperature
Factorsa. Tidea. Tide
tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal amplitude (vertical range)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed)
b. Exposure of Algaeb. Exposure of Algaeshore topographyshore topographywave actionwave actiontime of dessicationtime of dessication
c. Type of substratec. Type of substratebasic composition (material forming)basic composition (material forming)peeblepeeblecalcified rockcalcified rockcalcified rockcalcified rocklimestone rocklimestone rocksilt / mudsilt / mudtexturestexturessmoothsmooth ruggedrugged
d. Biological Interactiond. Biological Interaction-relationship among algae-relationship among algae
1. Succession- involves seral1. Succession- involves seral
Bare - pioneer -succeedingBare - pioneer -succeeding
Species speciesSpecies species
Bare -seagrass –Bare -seagrass –UlvaUlva – –SargrassumSargrassum - -GGracilaciaracilacia
StableStable
a.) Progressive –bare – climaxa.) Progressive –bare – climax
b) Reverse –climax -bareb) Reverse –climax -bare
ClimaxCommunity
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2. Competition2. Competitiona.) Interspecies –between 2 different speciesa.) Interspecies –between 2 different speciesb.) Among a particular speciesb.) Among a particular species
shading of shading of UlvaUlva against against EnteromorphaEnteromorpha Ulva Ulva shading shading LaurenciaLaurencia SargassumSargassum shading shading Ulva, Ulva,
Enteromopha Caulaperpa Enteromopha Caulaperpa Species of Species of UlvaUlva-competing -competing
for for a limited spacea limited space SargassumSargassum species species
competing competing for lightfor light 3. Grazing3. Grazing
-feeding-feeding-preferences (profifying) disappear-preferences (profifying) disappear-less preferences-less preferences
Micro algae CommunitiesMicro algae CommunitiesDivision –CyanophytaDivision –Cyanophytablue green (phycobillin)blue green (phycobillin)nitrogen fixer (heterocyst)nitrogen fixer (heterocyst)Significance:Significance:
-food chain / food web (Iry -food chain / food web (Iry producers) absorb inorganic substancesproducers) absorb inorganic substances
-Nutrient recycling-Nutrient recyclingDistributionDistribution
-epizoic, epiphytic-epizoic, epiphytic -endozoic, endophypic-endozoic, endophypic -sessile (substrate attached)-sessile (substrate attached)
Characteristics:Characteristics:
-cyanophycean starch-cyanophycean starch
-chloro a and b (chlorophyta)-chloro a and b (chlorophyta)
-some endolithic –within rocks-some endolithic –within rocks
-oligotrophic-oligotrophic
Cytology:Cytology:
Cytoplasm of 2 typesCytoplasm of 2 types
-chromoplasm – periphery and -chromoplasm – periphery and pigmentrypigmentry
-centroplasm – center and -centroplasm – center and usually pailusually pail
Accessory Pigments:Accessory Pigments: -Carotene-Carotene -Xanthophylls (myxoxanthin)-Xanthophylls (myxoxanthin)
zeaxanthinzeaxanthin -Phycobillins-Phycobillins
Arranged in a thyllakoid (phycobillisomes)Arranged in a thyllakoid (phycobillisomes)-Phycocyanin-Phycocyanin-Phycoerythrin-Phycoerythrin-Allophycocyanin-Allophycocyanin-Gas vacuole –bounded by -Gas vacuole –bounded by
carboxysomescarboxysomes-Reserved Food-Reserved Food
-Starch-Starch-Granules-Granules-polyhedral-polyhedral-polyglucan-polyglucan
Arranged in a thyllakoid
(phycobillisomes)
Reproduction:Reproduction:-fragmentation of filaments at -fragmentation of filaments at
hormogoniahormogonia
-occur where -occur where akinetsakinets are located are locatedResting sporeResting spore
-endospore – product of internal -endospore – product of internal division of cytoplasmdivision of cytoplasm
Resting spore
Taxonomy:Taxonomy:
CyanophyceaeCyanophyceae
Orders: Chamaesiphonales Orders: Chamaesiphonales (filamentous and endopore producing)(filamentous and endopore producing)
Chroococcales (unicellular Chroococcales (unicellular or colonial)or colonial)
Oscillatoriales Oscillatoriales (filamentous) (filamentous)
Division: Prochlorophyta composed of 3 Division: Prochlorophyta composed of 3 genera;genera;3 Genera3 Genera
Prochloron Prochloron Prochlorotrix Chloro a and bProchlorotrix Chloro a and bProchlorococcusProchlorococcusProchloron-intracellular, obligate Prochloron-intracellular, obligate
symbionts ; free living groupsymbionts ; free living groupProchlorotrix, Prochlorococcos- Prochlorotrix, Prochlorococcos-
filamentous; causes blooms in filamentous; causes blooms in lakeslakes
Division EuglenophytaDivision Euglenophyta
-grass green motile unicells-grass green motile unicells
-chloro a and b, B carotene-chloro a and b, B carotene
-xanthophyll (neoxanthin)-xanthophyll (neoxanthin)
-astaxanthin (responsible for red -astaxanthin (responsible for red color)color)
Flagellum
Ampulla (reservoir)
Non-emergent falgellumBlepharroplast
Chloroplast
Paramylum (starechgrain)
C. vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Taxonomy:Taxonomy: Class EuglenophyceaeClass Euglenophyceae
Trophic ClassificationTrophic Classification-phageotrophic (particle absorbing, -phageotrophic (particle absorbing,
particle ingesting)particle ingesting)-osmotrophic –absorption of organic -osmotrophic –absorption of organic
matter to photosynthesismatter to photosynthesisOrders:Orders:
EutretialesEutretiales-photosynthetic-photosynthetic-flagella, unequal-flagella, unequal-active, euglenoid movement-active, euglenoid movement
EuglenalesEuglenales-photosynthetic, one emergent -photosynthetic, one emergent
flagellaflagella-sessile (attached to substate)-sessile (attached to substate)-with lorica (in capsulized)-with lorica (in capsulized)
HeteronematalesHeteronematales-phageotrophic, particle colorless -phageotrophic, particle colorless
and leaking photoreceptors; and leaking photoreceptors; flagellar swelling flagellar swellingRhabdonematalesRhabdonematales
-osmotrophic type-osmotrophic typeSphenomodalesSphenomodales
-both (osmotrophic, phageotrophic)-both (osmotrophic, phageotrophic)
Division Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)Division Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
Trophic Forms:Trophic Forms:
-autotrophs –free living-autotrophs –free living
-auxostrophic –need other accessory -auxostrophic –need other accessory elements (vitamins)elements (vitamins)
-heterotrophic –phageotrophic-heterotrophic –phageotrophic
-symbiotic –with zooxanthellae-symbiotic –with zooxanthellae
Cytology:Cytology:-chloro a and b-chloro a and b-B carotene-B carotene-peridinine-peridinine-diadinoxanthin-diadinoxanthin-specialize cells-specialize cells
-trichocyst –rod of protein material-trichocyst –rod of protein material-nematocyst –ejectile organelle-nematocyst –ejectile organelle-pusule –sac-like (function as -pusule –sac-like (function as
contractile vacuole)contractile vacuole)-muciferous odies – mucilage -muciferous odies – mucilage
bodies that attach to the subatatebodies that attach to the subatate
EyespotEyespotForms:Forms: 1. mass of lipid globules1. mass of lipid globules 2. single layer of globules2. single layer of globules 3. double layer of globules3. double layer of globules 4. complex ocellus4. complex ocellusLife History:Life History: 1. isogametes (sexual fusion) 1. isogametes (sexual fusion)
onisogametesonisogametes 2. haplontic life history2. haplontic life history
TaxonomyTaxonomyHeterotrophic:Heterotrophic: 1. Ebriophyceae –colorless, naked1. Ebriophyceae –colorless, naked
Parasitic naked cellsParasitic naked cells 2. Ellobiophyceae2. Ellobiophyceae 3. Syndimophyceae3. Syndimophyceae 4. Dinophyceae Group4. Dinophyceae Group
a. Blastodiniales –parasitica. Blastodiniales –parasiticb. Dingamoebomeales –amoeboidb. Dingamoebomeales –amoeboidc. Dinoclomiales –filamentousc. Dinoclomiales –filamentousd. Gleodiniales –coloniald. Gleodiniales –coloniale. Pyrocystales –coccoide. Pyrocystales –coccoid
Parasitic naked cells
PeridianialesPeridianiales-motile-motile-armonia-armonia-toxic-toxic
Cause of ciguatera –fish poisoningCause of ciguatera –fish poisoninge.g. Ceratiume.g. Ceratium GonyaulaxGonyaulax
Gymnodiales (common red tide forming Gymnodiales (common red tide forming species)species)e.g. Gymnodiniume.g. Gymnodinium
Cause of ciguatera –fish poisoning
Division:Division:Cryptophyta (Cryptomonels)Cryptophyta (Cryptomonels) Characteristics:Characteristics:
-assymetrical (dorso-ventral flatter)-assymetrical (dorso-ventral flatter)Top/ventralTop/ventral cross-sectioncross-section
-pleuronematic flagella, unequal-pleuronematic flagella, unequal-ejectosomes at the reservoir-ejectosomes at the reservoir-single chloroplast-single chloroplast-one to many pyrenoids-one to many pyrenoids-red, brown, olive, yellow –is due to -red, brown, olive, yellow –is due to chlorophyll and phycobillin chlorophyll and phycobillin-Nucleomorph –double membrane DNA -Nucleomorph –double membrane DNA enclosed in ER enclosed in ER