PMP Preparation - 08 Quality Management

Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (1/18)Contents

PMP Lectures Prepared By: Eng. Mohamed ElSaadany

0. Def in i t i ons

1. P lan Qua l i t y

2. Per fo rm Qua l i t y Assurance

3. Per fo rm Qua l i t y Cont ro l

Definitions : Quality : Degree to which the project fulfills requirements.

الجودة : هي الدرجة التي يتم عندها تحقيق متطلبات المشروع Grade : Category (specific technical characteristics) assigned to product.

الرتبة : هي الفئة )مجموعة من الخصائص( يتم تخصيصها للمنتج Precession : Values of repeated measurements have little scatter.

قيم القياسات المتعددة لها تشتت قليل )بغض النظر عن قربها من القيمة الصحيحة( Accuracy : Values are very close to the true.

القيم قريبة من القيمة الصحيحة )بغض النظر عن تشتتها(

Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (2/18)0. Definitions


To Ensure Quality :• Identify quality level and applicable standards. تعريف مستوى الجودة

المطلوب تطبيقه• Set metrics to be measured (from customer’s perspective).

تحديد معامالت ليتم قياسها )من وجهة نظر العميل(• Make sure authorized processes are followed and standard are met.

التأكد من ان العمليات و اآلليات المعتمدة يتم اتباعها و ان المقاييس يتم تحقيقها .• Evaluate effectiveness of QC system and plan for continuous improvement.

تقييم مدى فعالية نظام الجودة و التخطيط للتحسين المستمر



Gold Plating : الطالء بالذهبGiving the customer extras. اعطاء العميل اكثر من المتعاقد عليهAchieve your objectives instead of gold plating. حقق متطلبات العمل بدال من

الوقاية مقابل الفحص : Prevention Over Inspection ذلكQuality must be planned in not inspected in.

يجب التخطيط للجودة و ليس االنتظار حتى تحدث المشكلة ثم اجراء فحوص التحليل الحدي : Marginal Analysisالجودة

Looking for point where added attention to quality will not produce added

value. When you reach this point, stop improving quality.

البحث عن النقطة التي عندها االهتمام بالجودة ال يقدم قيمة مضافة . عندها توقف التحسين المستمر ” KaiZen: “continuous improvement.عن تحسين الجودة

Japanese practices based on making small improvements but continuous.

نظرية يابانية مبنية على احداث تحسين مستمر و لو كان تحسين بسيط



Just-in-time (JIT) : Production strategy that aim to improving return on investment by reducing

in-process inventory and associated costs. Used in high quality practices.

استراتيجية تهدف لتحسين العائد بتقليل البضاعة المخزنة و التكاليف المصاحبة )للمنجات عالية الجودة(

Responsibility for Quality : المسئولية عن الجودة Each team member must check his work. PM has the ultimate responsibility

for quality. افراد الفريق عليهم التأكد من العمل ومع ذلك فمدير المشروع هو المسئول النهائي عن الجودة

Poor Quality Impact: اآلثار المترتبة على ضعف الجودة Rework - delay - increased cost - low customer satisfaction - low morale -

increased risk.

اعادة العمل – التأخر – زيادة التكاليف – رضا العميل يقل – ضعف الروح المعنوية – زيادة المخاطر

Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (5/18)01. Plan Quality (Planning)


Q u a l i t y M a n a g e m e n t

8.1 Plan Quality

Inputs : Project Management Plan ■ Stakeholder Register Risk Register ■ Requirements

Documentation Organizational Process Assets ■ Enterprise Environmental

FactorsTools and Techniques :

Cost-Benefit Analysis ■ Cost of Quality Seven Basic Quality Tools ■ Benchmarking Design of Experiments ■ Statistical sampling Additional Quality Planning Tools ■ Meetings

Outputs : Quality Management Plan ■ Process Improvement Plan Quality Metrics ■ Quality Checklists Project Documents Update



Cost Benefit Analysis: • Compares the cost of the quality step to the expected benefit.

• Examples of benefits: less rework, higher productivity, lower costs,

increased stakeholder satisfaction, and increased profitability.

Cost of Quality: تكلفة الجودة

Cost of ConformanceMoney spent during the project to avoid failure

Cost of NonconformanceMoney spent during and after the project because of failures

Prevention•Training•Equipment•Document processes•Time to do it right

Internal Failure(Found by the project)

•Rework•Scrap

Appraisals•Testing•Destructive testing loss•Inspections

External Failure(Found by the customer)

•Liabilities•Warranty work•Lost business

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Seven Basic Quality Tools (7QC Tools): 1. Cause & Effect Diagram

Also known as Fishbone or Ishikawa

2. FlowchartsAlso known as Process Maps

3. ChecksheetsAlso known as Tally SheetsMay be used as a checklist

4. Pareto DiagramsUsed to identify the vital few sources (80/20)

5. HistogramDescribe the statistical distribution shape

6. Control ChartsWill be illustrated later

7. Scatter DiagramsAlso known as Correlation ChartsUsed to trace the relation between two variables (X,Y)

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Notes for Control Chart: • Control Limits: represents organization quality standards

• Specification Limits: represents customer requirements and will be outside

control limits

• Out of Control: outside of control limits or non-random data points

• Rule of Seven: series seven points in one side

Benchmarking: القياس• Comparing projects with past projects to identify best practices

Design of Experiments: تصميم تجارب• Statistical method allows you to change important factors at once to identify

the best combination that has lower impact on the project.

Statistical Sampling : العينات االحصائية• Choosing a sample from population with a planned frequency and size.

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Additional Tools : أدوات أخرىThis includes meetings, brainstorming, nominal group, affinity diagrams,

PDPC, matrices, diagrams, .., etc. (will be illustrated later in QA process)

Quality Management Plan : خطة ادارة الجودةPart of PM plan that describes how organization’s quality policies will be

implemented. It may includes the following:

• Quality standards

• Meetings to be held addressing quality

• Who will manage quality, when, what their duties will be

• Metrics will be used

• Quality reports

• What deliverables will be measured and when

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Process Improvement Plan : خطة تحسين العمليةPart of PM plan that analyze processes to identify

activities which enhance their value. It helps increase

efficiency, customer satisfaction, and prevent problems.

Quality Metrics : قياسات الجودة• Specify project or product attributes, how will be measured, and tolerance.

• Ex: Defect frequency, failure rate, cost control, on-time performance.

Checklist : قوائم مرجعية• Used to verify that a set of items has been performed

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Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (11/18)02. Perform Quality Assurance (Executing)



8.2 Perform Quality AssuranceInputs :

Quality Management Plan Process Improvement Plan Quality Metrics Quality Control Measurements Project Documents

Tools and Techniques : Quality Management and Control Tools Quality Audits Process Analysis

Outputs : Change Requests Project Management Plan Updates Project Documents Updates Organizational Process Assets Updates



Objective :• Are we using the standard ?

• Can we improve the standard ?

Quality Management and Control Tools : In addition to Plan/Control Quality tools & techniques.

Other tools include:

• Affinity Diagram

(Described in 5.1)

• Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC)

Used to understand the relation between the goal and

the steps to get the goal. It aids team to expect

intermediate steps

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Follow # <Quality Management and Control Tools >• Interrelationships Digraphs

A digraph or directed graph is a set of nodes connected

It aids solving problems with intertwined logical relations

It may be developed from data generated in other tools

like tree diagram or fishbone diagram.

• Tree diagrams

Also known as systematic diagrams

Used to decompose a high level goal

Ex: WBS, RBS, OBS

• Prioritization Matrix

Used to rank the alternatives for key issues



Follow # <Quality Management and Control Tools >• Network Diagrams

See (Sequence Activities)

• Matrix Diagrams

It shows the relationships between factors

Quality Audit : تدقيق الجودة• Check complying with policies & standards

• Determine efficiency of policies & standards

• Audit can be done by internal or external auditors

Process Analysis : تحليل العملية• It examines problems, constraints, and non-value-added activities identified

during process operation.

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Lecture 08 : Project Quality Management (15/18)03. Control Quality (M/C)



8.3 Control Quality

Inputs : Project Management Plan ■ Quality Metrics Quality Checklists ■ Work Performance Data Approved Change Requests ■ Deliverables Project Documents ■ Organizational Process Assets

Tools and Techniques : Seven Basic Quality Tools ■ Statistical sampling Inspection ■ Approved Change Requests

ReviewsOutputs :

Quality Control Measurements ■ Validated Changes Verified Deliverables ■ Work Performance Information Change Requests ■ Project Management Plan

Updates Project Documents Updates ■ Org. Process Assets Updates



Definitions:

Prevention: Keep errors out of the process

Inspection: Keep errors out of customer hands

Attribute Sampling: Result either conform or not conform

Variable Sampling: Result is rated to express the degree of nonconformity

Tolerance: Specified range of acceptable results

Control limits: Thresholds, indicate whether process is out of control

Mean: Average ( Sum / Count

Median: Middle number after sort (if even, average of two middle numbers)

Mode : Most frequently occurring value in a distribution



Follow # < Definitions >

Mutually Exclusive: Two events cannot occur at the same time

Ex: Tossing a coin can result in either heads or tails, but not both

Statistically Independent: The occurrence of one event does not affect the

probability of the other

Ex: The event of getting a 6 the first time a die is rolled and the event of getting

a 6 the second time are independent

Standard Deviation: How far you are from the mean (not Median)

Area under Normal Distribution curve will be:

1σ = 68.26 % 2σ = 95.46 %

3σ = 99.73 % 6σ = 99.99985 %



Inspection:• Examination to the product to determine if it conforms to documented

standards or to validate defect repairs. Also called reviews, audits, or

walkthroughs.

• Conducted at any level (ex: single activity or final product)

Note:Plan Quality : Look forward in time

Assure Quality : Look back in time at project standards

Control Quality : Look back in time at project records

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Education

PMP Preparation - 08 Quality Management