Ppt on exploitation of male sterility in monocots and dicots

WELCOME

Exploitation

of Male

Sterility in

Monocots

and Dicots

INTRODUCTION

Male sterility is defined as an absence or non-

function of pollen grain in plant or incapability

of plants to produce or release functional

pollen grains.

Why to Exploit Male Sterility in

Plants??

• Eliminate emasculation in hybridization.

• Increase natural cross-pollination in self

pollinated species.

• Controlled pollination plants.

• Facilitate commercial hybrid seed production.

Exploitation of Male sterility in Rice

In rice following types of male sterility systems

are used

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility( Three line

breeding)

Genetic Male Sterility( Two line breeding).

Male sterility induced by Chemical

Hybridizing Agents.

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in rice

• Male Sterility is governed by cytoplasmic

genes or plasmagenes.

• Source of Male Sterility.

WA-CMS lines

• WA-CMS lines are the most widely deployed lines in hybrid

rice production .

• Pollen abortion in WA-CMS occurs relatively early during

microspore development, mainly at the uninucleate stage

(Luo et al.2013), resulting in amorphous aborted pollen

grains.

• The pollen abortion is determined by the genotype of

sporophytic tissues, not by the genotype of the pollen itself.

• Efforts are made to transfer this WA cytosterility into

genetic background of elite breeding lines.

Treatment with 1% Pottassium iodide

a) Stained pollens- viable pollen

b) Unstained pollens - non viable pollen

CMS Line Developed At Elite line

converted

Origin of

elite line

IR 46826 A IRRI IR 10154-23-3-3 IRRI

IR 46827 A IRRI IR 10176-24-6-2 IRRI

IR 46828 A IRRI IR 10179-2-3-1 IRRI

IR 46829 A IRRI IR 19792-15-2-3-3 IRRI

IR 46831 A IRRI Jikkoku Seranai 52-37 India

IR 46883 A IRRI MR-365 India

IR 46885 A IRRI PAU 269-1-8-4-1-1-1 India

Madhu A CRRI ,India Madhu India

HR 7017 A Iri Korea Samkangbyeo Korea

Source: Ram H., H.(2012). Crop Breeding and Biotechnology. Chapter 2,96- 98.

Procedure of utilization of CMS line

in Seed production

Hybrids developed using CMS in India

Hybrid Parentage

APRH- 1 IR 58025 A x Vajram

APRH-2 IR 62829 A x MTU 9992

MGR- 1 IR 62829 A x 10198-66-2R

KRH-1 IR 58025 A x IR 9761-10-IR

CNRH-3 IR 62829 A x Ajaya R

DRRH-1 IR 58025 A x IR 40750-82-2-2-3R

KRH-2 IR 58025 A x KMR 3

Pant Shankar Dhan 1 IR 58025 A x UPRI 192-133R

CORH 2 IR 58025 A x C 20 R

ADTRH 1 IR 58025 A x IR66

Sahyadri IR 58025 A x BR 827-35-3-1-1-R

Narendra Sankar Dhan 2 IR 58025 A x NDR 3026-3-I-R


Why There is Switch over from three

line to two line breeding??

• Cytoplasmic male sterility- fertility restoration system

based on three line breeding is often difficult to

maintain.

• Problems in the maintenance of A line.

• Lack of diversity in A and R lines, and the presence

of minor fertility genes in B lines ,lead to low

heterotic potential and high seed production costs.

• Hence two line breeding emerged.

Exploitation of GMS in Rice

• Male sterility is governed by nuclear genes.

• In GMS ,the GMS line produce 50% of male fertile

plants and 50% male sterile plants.

• So its very much necessary to identify and eliminate

male fertile plants before pollen shed .

• Thus this draw back of GMS is overcome by using

Photoperiod Sensitive GMS.

Temperature sensitive GMS.

Procedure of utilization of TGMS/PGMS line

in Seed production

Exploitation of TGMS in Rice

Consider the Temperature/ Thermo Sensitive Genetic

Male Sterile line 5460S.

TGMS line Temperature Expression

5460S

< 28 ᵒC Complete

male fertility

> 30ᵒC Complete

male sterility

Source: Singh, B, D.(2012). Plant Breeding , Principles and Methods. Chapter

22,353- 355.

Maintenance of TGMS line in rice

LOCATION A

(< 28 ᵒC Temperature)

TGMS line (5460S.)

selfing

TGMS line

(Complete fertile)


22,353- 355.

Utilization of TGMS line in Hybrid

Seed Production

LOCATION B

(> 30ᵒC Temperature)

TGMS line (5460S.) x Male fertile line

Hybrid Seed

(Produced on TGMS line )


22,353- 355.

List of PGMS lines in Rice

Genetic Control lines Origin Expression of

MS

Controlled by two

recessive genes

PGMS lines

Nongken 58S Spontaneous

mutation

Day length shorter

than 13.75hr

X88 Hybridization Day length shorter

than 13hr

MG 201 EMS Mutagenesis Day length 12hr

Source: Singh, B, D.(2012). Plant Breeding , Principles and Methods. Chapter 6,90.

List of TGMS lines in Rice

Genetic Control lines Origin Expression of MS

Controlled by single

recessive gene

Annong- 1s Spontaneous mutation Temperature of 27 ᵒC

Hennong S Hybridization Temperature < 29ᵒC

5460S Irradiation Temperature >30ᵒC

SM-38 Spontaneous mutation Temperature < 22ᵒC

SM-5 Spontaneous mutation Temperature < 22ᵒC

JP-2 Spontaneous mutation Temperature < 26ᵒC

JP-38S Spontaneous mutation Temperature > 30ᵒC


Hybrids developed using PGMS in

Rice

Hybrid Parentage

Hunan Pei ai 64s x Tequing

Anhui 7001s x Xiusui 04

Hubei 7001s x 1514

Guangdong Pei ai 64s x Shuanging11

Sichuan Pei ai 64s x Shuangingyou 1

Source: Ram H., H.(2012). Crop Breeding and Biotechnology. Chapter 2,100.

Exploitation of Male Sterility by

CHA’s in Rice

Application of chemicals at specific growth

stage of crop results in chemically induced

male sterility and chemical components used

are called as Chemical Hybridizing agents.

Two arsenical CHA’s are used in Rice

MG1( based on zinc methyl arsenate)

MG2 (based on sodium methyl arsenate)

CHA’s in Hybrid seed Production in

Rice

• Male sterility is artificially induced by spraying

gametocides to cause stamen sterility without

harming the pistil.

• The chemical which makes sterile the stamen, plant

can be used as female parent for producing hybrid

seed.

• Two selected lines are planted in alternate strips and

one is utilized as female (chemically sterilized) and is

pollinated by the other line, for production of hybrid

seed.

Rice hybrids based on CHA’s in rice

• Qing – Hua- Fu- Gwi.

• Gang – Hua- Qing – Lan.

• Gang – Hua- 2.

• You- Za-1.

• Ya- You-2.

• These are produced in china using arsenical

CHA’s.


Exploitation of MS in Maize

CMS in Maize

• Three main CMS types have been described:

CMS-T (Texas) (Rogers and Edwardson, 1952)

• Fertility restoration is sporophytic

• Rf1 (chr. 3) & Rf2(chr.9) are responsible for fertility restoration

CMS-C (Charrua) (Beckett, 1971)

Fertility restoration is Sporophytic

•Rf4, Rf5, Rf6 are responsible for fertility restoration

CMS-S (USDA) (Jones,1957)

• Fertility restoration is Gametophytic

• Rf3 (chr. 2) are responsible for fertility restoration

Fertility restoration in maize

T cytoplasm in maize

• Texas (T) cytoplasmic male sterility

discovered in 1940s.

• used extensively throughout the 1960s.

• Highly stable under all environmental

conditions.

• Characterized by failure of anther exertion

and pollen abortion.

• Plants bearing the T cytoplasm- susceptible to race T

of the southern corn leaf blight - (Cochliobolus

heterostrophus = Bipolaris maydis)

• Widespread use of T-cytoplasm for hybrid corn

production led to epidemic in 1970 in USA, with the

widespread rise of Race T of the southern corn leaf

blight .

• Thus utilization of T cytoplasm as a source of Male

sterility was stopped and detasseling is being used to

get male sterile plants.

Failure of T cytoplasm in maize

Source: Charles S, L.(1990). The Texas Cytoplasm of Maize. Cytoplasmic Male

sterility and Disease susceptibility. Science. Vol(250), 942-947.

Exploitation of Male sterility in Bajra

• The discovery of cytoplasmic-genic male-sterility

often called cytoplasmic male-sterility and the

development of male-sterile line Tift 23A1 (Burton

1958, 1965) laid the foundation of the pearl millet

(Penniseturn americanum) hybrid seed industry in

India.

• The first commercial hybrid was HB 1.

• It was bred on Tift 23A1 at the Punjab Agricultural

University (PAU), Ludhiana, India, and it showed a

100% yield average over the open-pollinated check

varieties (Athwal 1966).

• The A, cytoplasm of Tift 23A1 has been extensively utilized in

breeding a wide range of male-sterile lines.

• At Tifton, four male-sterile lines were produced either by

transferring single genes for specific traits into Tift 23A1 and

Tift 23B, or by backcrossing Non restorers into Tift 23A1

cytoplasm.

• Of these, mostly Tift 23A1, and to some extent Tift 23DA,

were used in India for hybrid production.

• Hybrids on Tift 23A1 yielded more than those on Tift 23DA1.

• Five hybrids on Tift 23A1 were released in quick succession

between 1965-1972, but all went out of cultivation within

about 5 years of their release due to high downy mildew

susceptibility.

Source of Cytoplasmic Male sterility in

Bajra

Cytoplasm Source CMS line Remarks

A1(Tifton) Mutation Tift 23 A, Tift 23 D2 A Used for

commercial

cultivation

A2 (Ludhiana) Mutation L66A Incomplete

expression of

MS

A3 P. Violaceum L67A Extremely stable

for male sterility

,very promising

restores in bajra

A4 Half sib pool of

the early gene

pool

ICMA-90111 Developed at

ICRISAT

Hybrids in Bajra

Hybrid Parentage

HB1 Tift 23 A x BIL 3B

HB2 Tift 23 A x J88

HB3 Tift 23 A X J104

HB4 Tift 23 A x K 560

HB5 Tift 23 A x K559


Exploitation of Male sterility in

Sunflower

• MS system used is Cytoplasmic Genetic Male sterility system.

• Here both cytoplasmic genes and nuclear genes govern the Male sterility.

• Source of male sterility in sunflower is CMS-PET1 cytoplasm.

• CMS-PET1 cytoplasm of sunflower arose from an interspecific cross between Helianthus petiolaris and H. annuus.

Utilization of CMS PET Cytoplasm in

seed production

Hybrids developed Using CGMS

system in Sunflower• Armavirtsky 3497

• BSH1

• BSH2

• BSH3 PET Cytoplasm.

• BSH4 (source of CMS)

• BSH5

• BSH6

• BSH8.

• Out of this BSH 1 and BSH2 found to be promising hybrids for seed production.

• First Sunflower hybrid BSH1 was released in 1980 by UAS Bangalore.


Exploitation of Male sterility in

Pigeon Pea

• MS system used is GMS and CMS.

CMS cytoplasm in Pegion Pea

Cytoplasm Source

A1 Cajanus scarabaeoides

A2 Cajanus sericeus

A3 Cajanus volubilis

A4 Cajanus cajanifolius

A5 Cultivated Pegion pea

Exploitation of in CMS Pigeon Pea

a) A1 Cytoplasm:

Cajanus scarabaeoides x cultivated Pigeon pea

Hybrid

Draw back: male sterile plant derived from this

cross found to have female sterility.

b) A2 cytoplasm:

Cajanus sericeus x short duration advanced

breeding line

Hybrid

Draw back:

• F1 was partially male sterile

• Backcross population were found segregating for male sterility.

A4 Cytoplasm is a boon for hybrid

breeding in Pegion Pea.

• Closely related to cultivated type.

• No morphological defects

• Produce plenty of pollen with restorer lines in

hybrid combination.

• Stable male sterile source

• Capable of producing high yielding hybrids.

Source: Saxena, K, B. et.al(2006).. Commercial pigeon pea hybrids are just a few

steps away. Indian Journal of Pulse Research. Vol 19:1, 7-16.

• In cotton, GMS has been reported in upland, Egyptian

and arboreum cottons.

• In tetraploid cotton, male sterility is governed by both

recessive and dominant genes. However, male sterility

governed by recessive genes is used in practical plant

Breeding.

•Sixteen different genes in tetraploid cottons (13 in G.

hirsutum and 3 in G.barbadense) and two in G.

arboreum have been identified for genetic male

sterility.

Exploitation of in MS Cotton

• Sterility is conditioned by dominant alleles at five loci

viz, MS4, MS7, MS10, MS11 and MS12

• By recessive allele at other loci viz. msl, ms2, ms3,

msl3, msl4 (Dong A), msl5 (Lang A) and msl6 (81

A).

• Two male sterile phenotypes viz. m5ms6 and ms8ms9

are conditioned by duplicate recessive factors.

• The expression of male sterility varies greatly in

extent and stability among the loci.

• In diploid cotton, two genes have been identified for

GMS from Akola and HAU, Hisar.

• At Akola, the male sterility was obtained from

anomalum x arboreum crosses while at Hisar it was

identified as a spontaneous mutant in arboreum

variety DS 5.

• G. hirsutum line Gregg (MS 399) from USA is the

basic source of GMS possessing ms5ms6 gene for

male sterility.

• G. harknessii was the only available source of CMS until 1997.

• After concerted efforts, the cytoplasmic lines with G. aridum .

(D4) has been developed by the Cotton Research Unit, PDKV,

Akola.

• A new system of CMS has also been developed at the University

of Arkansas, USA wherein G. trilobum cytoplasm was utilized.

• The new system of cytoplasm called CMS 8 (D-8) has undergone

extensive testing to eliminate undesirable effects (eg. Low fibre

maturity) of the G. hirsutum nucleus interaction with the G.

trilobum cytoplasm.

• Another different source of CMS i.e CMS-C1 has been recently

developed by using G. sturtianum.

Exploitation of in CMS Cotton

Lines Genotypes

GMS LRA 5166, SRT 1, DGMS 1,

HGMS 2

CMS Rajat, Supriya, Laxmi,

Adadhita, Narmada

Restorer line NH 258, AKH 545, GSR 22,

AKH 39 R, DR 1

Source: Singh, B., S. et.al(2011)... CICR technical bulletinn:24:, 1- 15.

List of Hybrids in cotton using GMS

Role of Apomixis in cotton

• Apomixis is production of seed without fertilization and is considered as one of the tool in plant breeding.

• So far, apomictic gene has not been reported in cotton.

• However, use of certain chemicals like dimethyl sulphoxide and colchicine in combination have been effective when applied to 16 to 20 days old flower buds.

• Occurrence of apomictic plants have also been reported in some interspecific crosses of cotton.

• Apomixis will be of great help when the breeder

desires to fix the hybrid vigour.

• Thus, once the desirable combination has been

selected, the hybrid could be multiplied and

maintained by apomictic progeny.

• It will increase the efficiency of the hybrids by three

or two line breeding system apart from the use of

seed every year.

• The availability of large number of hybrids will help

to increase genetic diversity and reduce genetic

vulnerability.

Recent Studies

Title: New Temperature Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Lines with Better Outcrossing Ability for Production of Two-Line Hybrid Rice.

Authors: Arasakesary ,S.,R. et.al.

Year of Publication: 2015

Journal: Rice Science . Vol,22(1): 49-52.

Place:

• Regional Agricultural Research and Development Center, Iranamadu Junction, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka;

• Paddy Breeding Station,Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India.

Conclusion

• TGMS line seeds are generally produced in cool season which

favours pollen fertility, as low temperature (< 23 °C) results in

fertility while high temperature (> 30 °C) results in sterility

irrespective of the photoperiod.

• This experiment revealed that all these three TGMS lines viz.

TNAU18S, TS-29-150GY and TNSU60S had considerable

outcrossing potentials with respective 39.3%, 24.6% and

17.6%, and also the cross combinations of

TNAU18S/IET21508, TNAU18S/IET21044,

TNAU18S/IET21009, TNAU60S/CB-09-106,

TNAU60S/IET21009 and TS-29-150GY/DRR3306 had

showed perfect synchronization period with acceptable hybrid

seed production which would pave the way for using TGMS

system under local condition.

Reference

• Source: Ram H., H.(2012). Crop Breeding and

Biotechnology. Chapter 2,96- 98.

• Source: Charles S, L.(1990). The Texas Cytoplasm of Maize.

Cytoplasmic Male sterility and Disease susceptibility. Science.

Vol(250), 942-947.

• Source: Saxena, K, B. et.al(2006).. Commercial pigeon pea

hybrids are just a few steps away. Indian Journal of Pulse

Research. Vol 19:1, 7-16.

• Source: Singh, B., S. et.al(2011)... CICR technical

bulletinn:24:, 1- 15.

• Source: Singh, B, D.(2012). Plant Breeding , Principles and

Methods. Chapter 22,355.

Thank You

Education

Ppt on exploitation of male sterility in monocots and dicots