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Title of the Study 2

Adviser: Associate Prof. Alamgir Hossain, IER, DU.Presenter: Md. Ziaul IslamID: 141500013

Theory of Bureaucracy and its application in school

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Major features

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Sources

Different writers have defined the term bureaucracy in different ways. The early analysis of bureaucracy is found in the writings of Marx Weber, Michels and F.M. Marx etc. They wanted to demonstrate the ways in which the public sector bureaucracies adversely affected democratic values, and how this might be remedied. In modern times, several meanings are attached to this term :

Bureaucracy as a rule by officials.Bureaucracy as a rational organisation.Bureaucracy as organizational inefficiency. 5

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Bureaucracy is an administrative or social system that relies on a set of rules and procedures, separation of functions and a hierarchical structure in implementing controls over an organization, government or socials stem.

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1. A well-defined division of administrative labor among persons and offices,

2. A personnel system with consistent patterns of recruitment and stable linear careers,

3. A hierarchy among offices, such that the authority and status are differentially distributed among actors, and

4. Formal and informal networks that connect organizational actors to one another through flows of information and patterns of cooperation.

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Perhaps the early example of a bureaucrat is the scribe, who first arose as a professional on the early cities of Sumer.

In later, larger empires like Achaemenid Persia, bureaucracies quickly expanded as government expanded and increased its functions.

The most modernesque of all ancient bureaucracies, was the Chinese bureaucracy. During the chaos of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Confucius recognized the need for a stable system of administrators to lend good governance even when the leaders were inept.

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Modern bureaucracies arose in the Industrial Revolution. Along with this expansion, though, came the recognition of the corruption and nepotism often inherent with the managerial system, leading to civil service reform on the large scale in many countries towards the end of the 19th century.

The Bureaucratic theory is coined by Max Weber(1864-1920). In Economy and Society, his seminal book published in 1922, Weber articulates the necessary conditions and descriptive features of bureaucracy. An organization governed under Weber’s conception of bureaucracy is characterized by the presence of impersonal positions that are earned and not inherited, rule-governed decision-making, professionalism, chain of command, defined responsibility, and bounded authority.

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Max Weber (1864–1920)

Synopsis

Born in Germany in 1864, Max Weber was a precocious child. He went to university and became a professor, but suffered a mental breakdown in 1897 that left him unable to work for five years. In 1905 he published his most famous work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. He returned to teaching in 1918 and died in 1920. He is considered the father of modern sociology. Besides, He was an economist, Political Scientist, Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Sociologist, Anti-War Activist, Literary Critic, Journalist.

13 Six features of Bureaucracy: 

1. A formal hierarchical structure

2. Management by rules

3. Organization by functional specialty

4. An “up-focused” or “in-focused” mission

5. Purposely impersonal

6. Employment based on technical qualifications

14 1. A formal hierarchical structureEach level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making.

2. Management by rulesControlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels.

3. Organization by functional specialtyWork is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have.

15 4. An "up-focused" or "in-focused" missionIf the mission is described as "up-focused," then the organization's purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or whatever agency empowered it. If the mission is to serve the organization itself, and those within it, e.g., to produce high profits, to gain market share, or to produce a cash stream, then the mission is described as "in-focused.“

5. Purposely impersonalThe idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences.

6. Employment based on technical qualifications(There may also be protection from arbitrary dismissal.)The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute. 

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Summary

Max Weber refined the structure to a more stable, organized and easy-to-operate framework to avoid the problems of bureaucracy that Americans now associated with the federal big government. Based on the above six important characteristics, more effective decision-making and better results were aimed at. These principles and characteristics were widely received by both the public and private sectors, and the very basics of a bureaucratic system are actually based on these six principles proposed by Max Weber in his theory of bureaucracy.

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• Very few of studies have conducted in the school with the theory.

• The number of resources is not sufficient.

23http://www.publishyourarticles.net/eng/articles/complete-information-on-bureaucracy-characteristics-advantages-limitations-and-its-role.html (Accessed: 03/28/2015)

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