Preston bsci proj 2

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ BLD 61303 / ARC 3413 ]

PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT

SENTUL COMMUNITY LIBRARY

REPORT & CALCULATION

PRESTON LIEW RU PING

0313822

TUTOR: MR. SIVA

Table of Content

1.0 Lighting

1.1 Plants Study Area

1.1.1 Daylight

1.1.2 Artificial Lighting

1.1.3 PSALI

1.2 Limited Edition Section

1.2.1 Daylight


1.2.3 PSALI

2.0 Acoustic

2.1 External Noise Sound Pressure Level

2.1.1 Limited Edition Section

2.1.2 Plants Study Area

2.2 Sound Reduction Index



2.3 Reverberation Time

2.3.1 Office

2.3.2 Computer Room

3.0 References

1.0 Lighting 1.1 Plants Study Area

1.1.1 Daylight

According to MS 1525, Day lighting Factor distribution is as below:

Daylight Factor, DF

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

The area selected, which is the quiet reading area faces southward and is located at the third floor

of the building. This space has a curtain wall facade, which allows daylight into the space and also

visual connectivity with the pedestrians passing by. The façade is further shaded by climbers which

are grown from the roof to provide sun.

Figure 1.0 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of plants Study area)

Daylight

Figure 1.1 Close up view of plants study area (Plan View)

Figure 1.2 Light Contour diagram of plants study area

Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor Area (𝑚2) 37.75

Area of façade exposed to sunlight (𝑚2) 21.6

Area of skylight 0

Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF

(21.6+0)

37.75

= 0.576 = 57.6% x 0.1 = 5.76%

Natural Illumination Calculation

Illuminance Example

120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight

110,000 lux Bright Sunlight

20,000 lux Clear Sky

1000-2000 lux Overcast day

400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day

<200 lux Midday

40 lux Fully overcast

<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud

Eexternal = 20 000 lux

DF= 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 x 100%

= 5.76 𝑥 20000

100

= 1152 lux

Conclusion

The plants study area has a daylight factor of 5.76% and natural illumination of 1152 lux. Based on

the requirements of MS 1525, this space has good daylight distribution as the value is in between

3-6%. However, the illuminance value is higher than the required value of 300 lux. This can cause

thermal and glare problems, which leads to the discomfort of the users. Low-e coatings of the glass

panels are proposed to minimize the penetration of ultraviolet and infrared rays into the interior

spaces. Moreover, this is further aided by planting vegetation on the external of the façade which

can further solve glare and thermal problems.


According to MS 1525, the recommended illumination level for reading space is 300-500 lux.

Lumen Method Calculation

Type Recessed Fluorescent Light

Model

Figure 1.3 Columbia Lighting, EPC 14-1

Lumen ( lm ) 2750

Watt 26

Color Temperature, K 3200

Color Designation Warm White

Dimension of room (m x m) 4.0 x 8.5

Floor Area (m2) 34.0

Height of Ceiling (m) 3.2

Lumen (Lux) 2750

Height of Luminaire (m) 3.2

Height of Work Level (m) 0.8

Mounting Height (Hm) 2.4

Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K) 37.75

2.4 𝑥 (8.5 + 4.0)

= 1.26

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.40

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80

Number of Lamps Required

N= 𝑬 𝒙 𝑨

𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭

N= 300 𝑥 34.0

2750 𝑥 (0.4 𝑥 0.8)

= 11.6 = 12

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR = 1

3 X √

34

22

= 0.41

SHR= 𝑆

3 = 0.57

S = 1.23

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 8.5m wall= 8.5

1.23

= 6.9 = 7 rows

Number of lamps in each row = 12

7

= 1.7 = 2 lamps

Spacing along 4.0m wall = 4

2

= 2.0 m

FITTING LAYOUT

Figure 1.3 Light fitting of plants study area

Conclusion

14 fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate the plants study area to achieve the minimum

illuminance of 300 lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to perform

tasks more efficiently and accurately.

1.1.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)

Referring to the daylight values obtained above, the plants study area has a good daylight factor of

5.76%. The light contour diagram also shows that the space receives sufficient day lighting during

the day from the façade. The artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 14

fluorescent lamps to illuminate the plants study area. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the

lightings are controlled with 2 switches. One for the first row near the facade whereby it can be

switched off when there is sufficient day light, one for the second row which is futher in when there

isn’t sufficient day light.

PSALI Fitting Layout

Figure 1.4 PSALI Light Fitting Layout in the plant study area

1.2 Limited Edition Section

1.2.1 Daylight

According to MS 1525, Day lighting Factor distribution is as below:

Daylight Factor, DF

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

The area selected, which is the limited edition section faces northward and is located at the first

floor of the building. This space has a curtain wall facade, which allows daylight into the space and

also visual connectivity with the pedestrians passing by. The façade is further shaded by climbers

which are grown from the roof to provide sun and book shelves.

Figure 1.5 First Floor Plan (Showing location of Limited Edtion Section)

Daylight

Figure 1.6 Close up view of Limited Edition Section (Plan View)

Figure 1.7 Light Contour diagram of Limited Edition Section

Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor Area (𝑚2) 38

Area of façade exposed to sunlight (𝑚2) 8.77

Area of skylight 0

Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF

(8.77+0)

38

= 0.231 = 23.1% x 0.1 = 2.31%

Natural Illumination Calculation

Illuminance Example

120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight

110,000 lux Bright Sunlight

20,000 lux Clear Sky

1000-2000 lux Overcast day

400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day

<200 lux Midday

40 lux Fully overcast

<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud

Eexternal = 20 000 lux

DF= 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 x 100%

= 2.31 𝑥 20000

100 = 462 lux

Conclusion

The Limited Edition section has a daylight factor of 2.31% and natural illumination of 462 lux.

Based on the requirements of MS 1525, the daylight factor is under the good 3-6% range and the

illuminance value is slightly higher than the required value of 300 lux. This can cause slight thermal

and glare problems, which leads to the discomfort of the users and spaces will be slightly darker.

Hence, low-e coatings of the glass panels are proposed to minimize the penetration of ultraviolet

and infrared rays into the interior spaces. And more lighting fixtures will be needed.

1.2.2 Artificial Light

According to MS 1525, the recommended illumination level for reading space is 300-500 lux.

Lumen Method Calculation

Type LED Downlight

Model

Figure 1.8 Philips DN135C

Lumen ( lm ) 2000

Power (W) 13

Color Temperature, K 3000

Color Designation Warm White

Dimension of room (m x m) 3.65 x 6.31

Floor Area (m2) 23.03 m2

Height of Ceiling (m) 3.8

Lumen (Lux) 2000

Height of Luminaire (m) 3.2

Height of Work Level (m) 0.8

Mounting Height (Hm) 2.4

Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K) 23.03

2.4 𝑥 (3.65 + 6.31)

= 0.96

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.48

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80

Number of Lamps Required

N= 𝑬 𝒙 𝑨

𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭

N= 300 𝑥 23.03

2000 𝑥 (0.8 𝑥 0.48)

= 8.99 = 9 lamps

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR = 1

3 X √

23.03

9

= 0.533

SHR= 𝑆

3 = 0.533

S = 1.6

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 6.31 m wall= 6.31

1.6

= 3.9 = 4 rows

Number of lamps in each row = 9

4

= 2.25 = 3 lamps

Spacing along 3.65 m wall = 3.65

3

= 1.22 m

Fitting Layout

Figure 1.8 Light fitting of Limited Edition section

Conclusion

12 LED down lights are used to illuminate the limited edition area to achieve the minimum

illuminance of 300 lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to read in a

comfortable environment.

1.2.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)

Referring to the daylight values obtained above, the limited edition section has a daylight factor of

2.31% which is under the optimum standard 3 - 6%. The light contour diagram also shows that the

space lacks day lighting during the day from the façade, resulting rather gloomy and dark. The

artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 12 LED down lights to illuminate

the limited edition section. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the lightings are controlled with 2

switches. One for the first two rows near the facade whereby it can be switched off when there is

sufficient day light and another one for the successive two rows at the back.

PSALI Fitting Layout

Figure 1.9 PSALI Light Fitting Layout in the limited edition section

Facade

2.0 Acoustic

2.1 External Noise Sound Pressure Level



i) Peak Hour ( Jalan Ipoh )

Highest reading= 80dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

𝐼𝑜 )

80= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 8= 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 1x 10-4

Lowest Reading= 60dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

10 )

60= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 6= 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 1x 10-6

Total Intensity, I= (1x 10-4) + (1x 10-6)

= 1.01 x 10-4

Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 ( 𝑝2

𝑝𝑜2 ), where po = 1 x 10-12

Combined SPL= 10 log 10 ( 1.01 𝑥 10−4

1 𝑥 10−12 )

= 80.04dB

ii) Non-Peak Hour

Highest Reading= 55dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

𝐼𝑜 )

55= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 5.5= 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 3.162x 10-7


Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

𝐼𝑜 )

50= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 5= 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 1x 10-7

Total Intensity, I= (3.162x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7)

= 4.16 x 10-7


𝑝𝑜2 ), where po = 1 x 10-12


1 𝑥 10−12 )

= 56.19dB

Conclusion

The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations

above, the combined sound pressure level around the limited edition section during peak and non

peak hours are 80.04dB and 45dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading

area, resulting in interrupted communication. This can be solved by designing a landscape in front

of the building which can act as a buffer zone to absorb noise coming from the streets. And sound

reflecting / absorbent façade.


Figure 2.1 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of Plants Study Area)

i) Peak Hour ( Jalan Ipoh )

Highest reading= 75dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

𝐼𝑜 )

75= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 7.5= 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 3.16x 10-5


Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

10 )

58= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 5.8= 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 6.31x 10-7

Total Intensity, I= (3.16x 10-5 ) + (6.31x 10-7 )

= 3.22 x 10-5


𝑝𝑜2 ), where po = 1 x 10-12


1 𝑥 10−12 )

= 75.08dB

ii) Non-Peak Hour

Highest Reading= 53dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

𝐼𝑜 )

53= 10 log10 ( 1

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 5.3= 1

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 1.20 x 10-7


Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

10 )

50= 10 log10 ( 𝐼

1 𝑥 10−12 )

log-1 5= 1

1 𝑥 10−12

I= 1x 10-7

Total Intensity, I= (1.2 x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7)

= 2.2 x 10-7


𝑝𝑜2 ), where po = 1 x 10-12


1 𝑥 10−12 )

= 53.42dB

Conclusion

The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations

above, the combined sound pressure level around the plants reading area during peak and non

peak hours are 75.08dB and 53.42dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading

area, resulting in a chaotic environment unfit for reading. This can be solved by proposing an

insulated curtain wall and growing plants to absorb unwanted noise.

2.2 Sound Reduction Index



Building Element Material Surface Area (𝑚2) SRI ( dB) Transmission Coefficient, T

Wall Glass 18.6 27 1.995 x 10-3

Wall Concrete 37.16 46 2.512 x 10-5

Glass Wall

Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (1

𝑇𝑎𝑣)

27= 10 log10 (1

𝑇𝑎𝑣)

log-1 2.7= 1

𝑇

T= 1.995 x 10-3

Concrete Wall


𝑇𝑎𝑣)

46= 10 log10 (1

𝑇𝑎𝑣)

log-1 4.6= 1

𝑇

T= 2.512 x 10-5

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Tav= (18.6 𝑥 1.995 𝑥 10−3 )+( 37.16 𝑥 2.512 𝑥 10−5 )

( 18.6+ 37.16)

= 6.822 x 10-4

SRI= 10 log10 (1

𝑇)

= 10 log10 (1

6.822 𝑥 10−4)

= 31.66dB

External Sound Pressure Level= 80.04dB

= 80.04 – 31.66

= 48.38 dB

Conclusion

The sound reduction index of the façade is 31.66dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the

street is 80dB, the sound that is transmitted into the limited edition section is 48.38 dB. According

to the noise criteria environment perception, this value is higher than the recommended level for a

quiet library which is 40dB. This can be improved by proposing a sound insulated curtain wall,

which can filter noise from the streets or by installing acoustic panels on the ceiling to absorb the

unwanted noises.


Figure 2.3 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of Plants study area)

Building Element Material Surface Area (𝑚2) SRI ( dB) Transmission Coefficient, T

Wall Glass 24.5 27 1.995 x 10-3

Wall Concrete 10.1 46 2.512 x 10-5

Glass Wall


𝑇𝑎𝑣)

27= 10 log10 (1

𝑇𝑎𝑣)

log-1 2.7= 1

𝑇

T= 1.995 x 10-3

Concrete Wall


𝑇𝑎𝑣)

46= 10 log10 (1

𝑇𝑎𝑣)

log-1 4.6= 1

𝑇

T= 2.512 x 10-5

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Tav= (24.5 𝑥 1.995 𝑥 10−3 )+( 10.1 𝑥 2.512 𝑥 10−5 )

(24.5+10.1))

= 1.42 x 10-3

SRI= 10 log10 (1

𝑇)

= 10 log10 (1

1.42 𝑥 10−3)

= 28.48 dB

External Sound Pressure Level= 75.08dB

= 75.08 – 28.48

= 46.6 dB

Conclusion

The sound reduction index of the façade is 28.48dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the

street is 75.08 dB, the sound that is transmitted into the plant study area is 46.6 dB. According to

the noise criteria environment perception, this value is higher than the recommended level for a

quiet library which is 40dB. The high sound pressure level will affect the users’ concentration which

causes interruption in studying. Sound insulated curtain wall can be proposed, it can filter noise

from the streets or by installing acoustic panels on the ceiling to absorb the unwanted noises.

2.3 Reverberation Time

2.3.1 Office

Figure 2.4 First Floor Plan (Showing location of Office)

Standard Reverberation Time= 0.6-0.8 seconds

Space Volume= 31𝑚2 x 3.2

= 99.2𝑚3

Material absorption coefficient at 125Hz and 500Hz at non-peak hour with 4 person in the space.

Building

Elements

Materials Absorption

Coefficient

(125Hz)

Absorption

Coefficient

(500Hz)

Area

(m2)

Sound

Absorption,

Sa (125Hz)

Sound

Absorption,

Sa (500Hz)

Floor Carpet 0.1 0.25 31.00 3.10 7.75

Wall Concrete 0.01 0.02 20.16 0.20 0.40

Glass 0.10 0.04 50.66 5.07 2.03

Door Glass 0.35 0.18 2.40 0.84 0.43

Timber 0.30 0.15 2.40 0.72 0.36

Ceiling Plaster 0.02 0.02 31.00 0.62 0.62

Furniture Desk 0.50 0.45 4.85 2.43 2.18

Padded

Chair

0.44 0.77 2.50 1.10 1.93

People - 0.3/P 0.4/P 4.00 1.20 1.60

15.28 17.3

125Hz

Reverberation Time, RT= 0.16 𝑋 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑋 99.2

15.28

=1.04s

500Hz

Reverberation Time= 0.16 𝑋 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑋 99.2

17.3

= 0.92s

Conclusion

The reverberation time for the office at 125Hz and also 500Hz is 1.04s and 0.92s respectively. This

value falls out of the standard reverberation time of 0.6-0.8s which shows that the space is lacking

absorptive materials. Acoustic panels can be added to further reduce the reverberation value.

Total absorption, A

2.3.2 Computer Room

Figure 2.4 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of Computer Room)

Standard Reverberation Time= 0.7-1.1 seconds

Space Volume= 35𝑚2 x 3.2

= 112𝑚3

Material absorption coefficient at 125Hz and 150Hz at non-peak hour with 12 person in the space.

Building

Elements

Materials Absorption

Coefficient

(125Hz)

Absorption

Coefficient

(500Hz)

Area

(m2)

Sound

Absorption,

Sa (125Hz)

Sound

Absorption,

Sa (500Hz)

Floor Carpet 0.10 0.25 35.00 3.5 8.75

Wall Concrete 0.01 0.02 20.16 0.20 0.40

Glass 0.10 0.04 50.67 5.07 2.03

Door Glass 0.35 0.18 1.80 0.63 0.32

Ceiling Plaster 0.02 0.02 35.00 0.7 0.7

Furniture Padded

Chair

0.44 0.77 2.13 0.94 1.64

Desk 0.50 0.45 16.20 8.1 7.29

People - 0.30/P 0.40/P 12.00 3.60 4.80

22.74 25.93

125Hz

Reverberation Time, RT= 0.16 𝑋 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑋 112

22.74

=0.79s

500Hz

Reverberation Time= 0.16 𝑋 𝑉

𝐴

= 0.16 𝑋 112

25.93

= 0.69s

Conclusion

The reverberation time for the computer rooms at 125Hz and also 500Hz is 0.79s and 0.69s

respectively. This value falls within the standard reverberation time range of 0.7-1.1s which shows

that the space is optimum for classes and discussion.

Total absorption, A

3.0 References

1. Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard: Code of Practice

on Energy Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings

(First Revision). Malaysia: Department of Standards Malaysia

2. Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved from

https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLev

els_outdoor+indoor.pdf

3. Architect’s Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

4. Cowab, J, (2000) Architectural Acoustics, Design Guide, Mc Graw-Hill, N.Y

5. Long,M. (2006), Architectural Acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/ Academic Press

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