NAME: - MEGHA LAKHANI

BRANCH:- CIVIL ENGINEERING

ROLL NO:- 3

PROJECT PRESENTATION

PROJECT 1 – GREEN BUILDING

It is all about making the environment green and create a healthy atmosphere inside the living space which also has an impact on the outside surroundings.

Vegetation, Landscaping is definitely a part of Green Building Design but that is not all which would make the building green.

INTRODUCTION

principles of Green Buildings:

1. Site and its surroundings

2. Energy Efficiency

3. Water Efficiency

4. Material Efficiency

5. Indoor Air Quality

6. Waste Reduction

7. Low maintenance costs

Green Buildi

ng

PROJECT 2: SOLID GROUND? MEASURING SOIL BEARING CAPACITY.

Foundations for many types of structures rest on soil. This project shows how you can investigate the bearing capacity of different types of soil.

 The goal of this project is to test the bearing capacity of different types of soil.

OBJECTIVE

The bearing capacity of soil is an important consideration in construction projects. Dams, bridge abutments, and temporary support structures (falsework) during construction are all examples of structures that can be supported by underlying soil

INTRODUCTION

Materials and Equipments. large plastic tub (container for soil),

1-inch diameter dowel (length approx. equal to height of tub),

ruler,

marker,

small pieces of wood or hardboard for platform and jig,

drill with 1-inch spade bit or hole saw,

file,

1/4-inch diameter dowel for legs of jig,

different types of soil (play sand, mason's sand, topsoil, subsoil),

shovel or garden trowel,

weight for platform (e.g., bucket with water).

Figure 1. 1-inch diameter dowel, marked off in 1-cm increments.

Procedure You can make a simple experimental apparatus for

measuring soil bearing capacity in a plastic tub. You'll need a piece of 1-inch diameter dowel, about as long as your tub is high. Mark off 1-cm increments along the length of the dowel, as shown in Figure 1, below.

Make a platform from a small piece of wood or hardboard and attach it firmly to the top of the dowel with a wood screw and glue (Figure 2). It's a good idea to drill a pilot hole for the wood screw, so the dowel doesn't split. Your platform should be large enough to support the weight you'll be using.

Figure 2. Dowel with platform attached.

Make a platform from a small piece of wood or hardboard and attach it firmly to the top of the dowel with a wood screw and glue (Figure 2). It's a good idea to drill a pilot hole for the wood screw, so the dowel doesn't split. Your platform should be large enough to support the weight you'll be using.

Make a jig to hold the dowel vertically over the soil surface

(Figure 3). The dowel should be able to slide freely, so the

hole needs to be slightly larger than the diameter of the

dowel. You can drill it with a 1-inch spade bit, or a 1-inch

hole saw, and then file out the hole to enlarge it enough for

the dowel to slide freely. Make the legs from thinner

dowels, and glue them to the bottom. You'll push these

into the soil, so they need to be a bit longer than your tub

is high (tall enough to hold the dowel upright).

Figure 3. Jig for holding the dowel upright. The hole should be slightly larger than the dowel, allowing it to slide freely, but still supporting it. The legs should reach the bottom of the tub, and leave the platform high enough above the soil to keep the dowel from tipping over .

Fill the plastic tub with the sand or soil you want to test.

Push the legs of the jig firmly down into the soil, and set the dowel so that it rests on the surface of the soil (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. The dowel supported in the jig. Push the legs of the jig firmly down into the soil, and set the dowel so that it rests on the surface of the soil.

Load the platform with weight (e.g., container + 500 ml water), and record how far the dowel penetrates into the soil. Keep track of the results in your lab notebook.

Add an increment of weight and record how far the dowel penetrates into the soil. Repeat until the dowel does not penetrate further. Repeat the measurement at least three times, in different locations in the tub. Calculate the average penetration depth for each weight and soil type tested.

For each soil type, make a graph of the penetration depth vs. weight.

Building Structures :

It's a Slippery Slope

PROJECT 3 -

In this project, we will build a tower of Lego® Duplos® on slopes of varying angles and determine how deep the foundations need to be to keep the tower standing upright.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the foundation is to transfer the load of buildings and structures to the soil. There are shallow foundations and deep foundations, depending on the kind of structure and the soil. When designing the foundation, the engineer must consider several variables. These include scour and the bearing capacity of the soil. The bearing capacity is the ability of the soil to support the load of the structure. Scour is when flowing water removes supporting soil from around the foundation.

All variables must be studied and considered when designing a foundation. A hidden fault can cause a foundation to fail, resulting in the collapse of the building or structure. A building fails when it falls over or even when it starts to lean, like the Leaning Tower of Pisa. An example of a foundation that hasn't failed is that of the Sears Tower in Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the tallest buildings in the world, measuring at 1,729 feet from the bottom to the tip of its spire. There are 110 floors in the Sears Tower. The foundation is 100 feet deep and it is surrounded by 200 circular caissons.

Building a skyscraper, or any structure, is more than just building the walls, windows, and floors. All structures require a foundation to keep them from falling down. This is especially important when a structure is built on a hill or on a slope. . You will investigate how deep you have to dig the foundation for each angle of slope. Your goal is to make sure that your building doesn't fall down!

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. The Sears Tower in Chicago, Illinois

Materials and Equipment .

Vinyl rain gutter, 5 feet long; available at hardware stores Hacksaw; available at hardware stores (needed only if your gutter is longer than 5 feet) Safety goggles (needed only if using the hacksaw) Clay bricks (15–20); available at hardware stores Gardening gloves Landscaping rocks (1 bag of about 1-inch-long pieces); available at hardware and gardening

stores Measuring cup Potting soil, 1 cubic foot; available at hardware and gardening stores Digging tool Watering can Lab notebook Calculator with sine, cosine, and tangent functions (trigonometric functions) Lego Duplos or Mega Bloks® Ruler Dense foam bouncy ball, 2 ½-inch diameter; available at novelty stores Tape (regular Scotch® tape will work fine) Tape measure Graph paper

Procedure Building the slope If the vinyl gutter is longer than 5 feet, use the hacksaw and to cut it into a 5-foot-long

piece. Have an adult help you with this and always use proper safety equipment. Place the gutter on the ground with a brick at one end to keep the soil from falling out

that end of the gutter. Put on your gardening gloves and scatter 1 ½ cups of landscaping rocks along the bottom of the gutter. The rocks should be placed evenly along the bottom of the gutter.

Now spread the potting soil evenly on top of the gravel. You should have much more soil than rocks in the gutter. Fill the gutter up to the top and pack the soil down with the blade of your digging tool. The soil should be packed to the very top of the gutter.

Check to see how moist the soil is. If it is dry, water the soil with the watering can so that it is damp, but not wet or muddy. If you do this science project over several days, you will want to dampen the soil with water every day to make sure that the moisture content is consistent throughout the project.

Tilt the gutter up and prop that end up with a pile of bricks. Start out by propping the gutter up on five bricks. The gutter will need support in the middle to prevent buckling, so place as many bricks as will fit under the midpoint.

Figure 2. Divide b by a to first determine the slope and then the angle of the slope.

Now you're ready to determine the angle of the slope you've just created. First determine the slope. Measure the height of the bricks holding up the end of the gutter, b, as shown in Figure 2. Using your calculator, divide that by the distance from one end of the gutter to the other, a, as shown in Figure 2. Record the slope in your lab notebook.

Equation 1: Angle of slope =Arctangent ( b )a

o Angle of slope is in unit degrees

o b is the height in inches

o a is the length in inches

Use the slope b/a to determine the angle of the slope. The arctangent function on your calculator will allow you to figure out the angle of the triangle you've created, given b/a. Now calculate the arctangent (or tan-1) of the slope ratio. This will give you the angle of the slope. If you need help, ask an adult or your math teacher. Once you have calculated the angle, note it down in your lab notebook.

Testing the Tower

Build a tower of Lego Duplos that is 10 blocks high. Make sure that the pieces are put together tightly. Tape the tower together so that the tower acts as one piece, rather than as individual Lego Duplos.

Begin with the Foundation Depth: 1 Block trial. Near the middle of the

slope, dig a hole that is one Lego Duplo block deep. Place the tower in that hole. Make sure that the entire Lego Duplo block is buried in the hole: back, front, and the sides. You can have a small mound of soil on the downslope side of the tower to ensure that the tower is buried the same amount on all sides. Push the dirt around the tower down firmly. The tower should be straight up and not tilted. See Figure 3.

Figure 3. How to place the tower incorrectly (left) and correctly (right).

Place the bouncy ball on the dirt-packed gutter, about 12 inches above

the tower, as shown in Figure 4. Mark this point with an extra Lego

Duplo block so that you can keep rolling the ball from the same point for

each trial. Aim the ball at the tower. Let go of the ball. Make sure that the

ball hits the tower. Did the tower fall over? If not, did the tower move? If

the tower did move, quantify the movement by measuring the size of the

gap between the tower and soil with your ruler (see Figure 5). Record

whether the tower fell over, or if it moved, the size of the gap, in your lab

notebook.

Figure 4. Experimental setup.

Figure 5. Gap between the tower and the soil, after the ball hit the tower.

Perform measurements at this foundation depth at least three times. Each time, rebury the entire Lego under the soil and pack the soil down. Record all data in your lab notebook in a data table like the one below. Record observations, such as if your tower falls down, as well as specific measurements if there is a gap in the soil. If you can take an average of gap lengths (in other words, if you don't have several trials where the building just fell down), record that before moving on to the next foundation depth trial.

For Foundation Depth: 2 Blocks trials, gently take the tower out of the hole and dig a foundation that is two blocks deep. Bury the tower in the hole, making sure that all sides of the tower are equally buried. Place the ball in the same place as you did for your first set of trials and roll the ball at the tower. Record your observations in your lab notebook. Repeat this step two more times.

Keep burying the tower deeper, one block at a time, recording your observations, until you have reached the limit of how far the tower can be buried in the gutter. For each different foundation depth, you should complete at least three trials.

Determine the foundation depth at which the tower moves the least. Record the data in

your lab notebook

Increase the angle of the slope by adding a few bricks to the higher end of the gutter. Recalculate the angle of slope and note it down in your lab notebook. Repeat "Testing the Tower" to find the best foundation depth for the new angle of slope. Record the data in your lab notebook. Try three different angles of slope. If necessary, you can mound dirt up in the gutter in order to have deeper foundations.

Make a graph based on the information in your data table. For each slope angle, plot the foundation depth (x-axis) versus the gap (y-axis). If the tower fell down on all of the trials, then mark FD for "fell down" on the graph. If the tower fell down for some trials and had gaps for other trials within the testing of one slope angle, then plot all of that data on the graph, along with the average gap value.

PROJECT-4Keeping You In

Suspens(ion).

Objective

The goal of this project is to compare the strength of two simple bridge designs: a beam bridge vs. a suspension bridge

The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge (pictured at right) is the longest suspension bridge in the world, at the time of this writing (June, 2006). The bridge is 3911 m long overall, with a central span of 1991 m. It connects Maiko in Kobe and Iwaya on Awaji Island as part of the Honshu-Shikoku Highway (Wikipedia contributors, 2006). In addition to the sheer length of the bridge, the engineers who designed it also had to consider the environment: high winds, strong sea currents, salt air, and the potential for earthquakes in the area.

In a suspension bridge, the bridge deck is hung (suspended) from massive cables that stretch between the bridge towers, and are securely anchored at each end. The cables are thus under tension, while the bridge towers are under compression.

For long spans, the suspension bridge is usually the most economical choice, because the amount of material required per unit length is less than for other bridge types. However, since suspension bridges are relatively flexible structures, stress forces introduced by high winds can be a serious problem. The dramatic collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, captured on film, is a pointed example (see Ketchum, 2000).

INTRODUCTION

Materials and Equipment.

box of drinking straws, masking tape, dental floss or thread, scissors, 4 large paper clips, paper cup, pennies or metal washers, metric ruler.

Cut two short pieces of straw, each 3 cm long. For each tower, tape two straws on either side of a short piece of straw, as shown below. Tape the long straws together at the top, too.

PROCEDURE

Tape one tower to the edge of a desk or chair. Tape the second tower to a second desk or chair of the same height. Position the towers 17 cm apart.

Place another straw between the towers so its ends rest on the short pieces. This straw is the bridge deck. Now you have a simple beam bridge.

Make a load tester by unbending a large paper clip into a V-shape. Poke the ends of the paper clip into opposite sides of a paper cup, near the rim. Use a second paper clip to hang the load tester over the bridge deck. Record how many pennies the paper cup can hold before the bridge fails.

Now change the beam bridge into a suspension bridge. Tie the centre of a 100 cm cable around the middle of a new straw. Place the straw between the towers. Pass each end of the cable over a tower and down the other side.

To anchor the bridge, wrap each end of the cable around a paper clip. Slide the paper clips away from the tower until the cable pulls tight. Then tape the paper clips firmly to the desks. Test it again.