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Factorial Designs
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
Goals
• Main Effect(s)
• Interaction
• graph & statistics comparison
Terminology
• ceiling effects:
• floor effects:
• factorial design: more than 1 independent variable– 2 x 3
– 3 x 4
– 2 x 5 mixed (2 between group, 5 within groups)
• factorial matrix (2 x 2) with 4 cells (conditions)
• main effect: overall effect of an IV (sex or drug)
Males Females
Drug 1st 2nd
Placebo 4th 3rd
Terminology
• Ceiling effects: mean score near maximum
• Floor effects: mean score near minimum
• factorial design: more than 1 independent variable– 2 x 3
– 3 x 4
– 2 x 5 mixed (2 between group, 5 within groups)
• factorial matrix (2 x 2) with 4 cells (conditions)
• main effect: overall effect of an IV (sex or drug)
Males (A1) Females (A2)
Drug (B1) 1st 2nd
Placebo (B2) 4th 3rd
Main Effect (Intuition)
Main Effect of Type of Training Main Effect of Presentation rate
Examining Main Effects
• Main Effects (continued)
– Calculations row and column means
– For hypothetical data:
• Row mean #1 mean of 17 and 23 (= 20)
• Row mean #2 mean of 12 and 18 (= 15)
• Column mean #1 mean of 17 and 12 (= 14.5)
• Column mean #2 mean of 23 and 18 (= 20.5)
Main Effects
• Male and Female college students (N=89) were assigned to different encoding intervals (3, 6, 9, 12, or 15) with the Novel Faces and Places (NFAP) test.
• This design is _____ x _____
Main Effects: Intuitive
Main Effects: Statistical
Main Effects: Statistical
• Between Groups degrees of freedom = #groups - 1
More Main Effects
• Attractiveness rating at different times among bar patrons
Mickey Gilley (1 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e2qsnHVAo4&feature=fvst
More Main Effects
• Attractiveness rating at different times among bar patrons
Mickey Gilley (1 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e2qsnHVAo4&feature=fvst
Interaction
• The effect of one IV (A) depends on the level of another IV (B)
• Possibilities:
A B A x B
- - -
- - +
++
--
-+
+ + -
- + -
-+
++
++
Interaction (but no main effect) Example #1
• Interactions
– IVs course emphasis and student major
– No main effects (row and column means all equal 75)
Guideline
• Parallel Lines: main effect
• Non-parallel lines: interaction
Self-Test
• Rats were exposed to MDMA or Saline during adolescence (age 35 to 60) and locomotoractivity tested at age 65
• Time Main Effect: ?
• Drug Main Effect: ?
• Interaction: ?
Piper et al. (2007) Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 145-157.
Example
• Rats were exposed to MDMA or Saline during adolescence (age 35 to 60) and locomotoractivity tested at age 65
• Time Main Effect: Yes
• Drug Main Effect: No
• Interaction: Yes
Piper et al. (2007) Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 145-157.
Emotional Labeling
• Participants (N=32) are asked to label emotions of faces
Anger Fear
Direct
Averted
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
Emotional Labeling
• Participants (N=32) are asked to label emotions of faces
• Response time recorded (ms)Anger Fear
Direct 862.3 (23.5) 944.5 (27.5)
Averted 914.1 (25.6) 891.2 (24.4)
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
Guess
• Main effect of direction: ?
• Main effect of expression: ?
• Interaction: ?
Guess
• Main effect of direction: No
• Main effect of expression: Yes
• Interaction: ?
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
Guess
• Main effect of direction: No
• Main effect of expression: Yes
• Interaction: Yes
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
Statistical Output
Further Factorial Example (12 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgVmfryCAkU
Decision Times
A Main Effect of Sex: Main Effect of Type:Sex x Type Interaction:
Waller & Linn (2012) J Student Research.
Decision Times
A
Waller & Linn (2012) J Student Research.
A: X axisB: red versus blue groups
Data Collection Guidelines
• Be early
• Be organized
• Pilot (including coding data)
• Be consistent
• Be appreciative
• Be conservative