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Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 1
Visualizing the Invisible
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Project leaders: Tobias Fredberg, Pascal Le Masson, Blanche Segrestin, Martin Wiener
Team Members: Marine Agogué, Elsa Berthet, Martin Stötzel, Anna Yström
Munich, October 24th, 2011
3
Dilemmas of collective innovation
Recent insights in the literature suggest that 1. Successful collective innovation is based on the capacity to solve these dilemmas
(see Ihl 2010)2. There are today managers of collective innovation who might be able to organize this
simultaneous solve (see Fredberg et al. 2011, Agogué & Yström 2010)
Motivation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Managing for solving the dilemmas of collective innovation: actors, activities, methods?
Management Dimension
Well-known dilemmas in innovation
In case of collective innovation: – Some dilemmas are reduced: larger and
cheaper access to knowledge and ideas…– A lot of new dilemmas emerge!
Managers of collective innovation?
Take risk
Create Knowledge
Explore Exploit
Reuse Knowledge
Reduce Risk
Multiple perspective Shared vision
Multiple stakeholder Conflict of interests
Free commitment No work division
No authority Slow convergence
Share assets Protect assets
4
Collective innovation manager?
Research has focused on the innovation leader (“focal firm”) who makes use of external resources for his own goals… (Elmquist, Fredberg, Olilla 2009)
Recent results have underlined that these “heroes of open innovation” actually rely on organized milieux, structures and processes:
– First approaches have studied open innovation market intermediaries (Innocentive, Ninesigma,…) (Diener & Piller 2010)
– These works underlined the limits of pure brokering: limited cooperation, knowledge transfer rather than knowledge creation, limited exploration (Sieg et al. 2010, Birkinshaw 2011)
– Some works described more complex innovative milieux, collaborative ecosystems, platforms and colleges (Gawer 2009, Le Masson et al. 2011) that support the activities of open innovators
Hence there might be managers of collective innovation that are more than pure brokers... But their role, management areas and methods are largely hidden (research gap)
State of the art
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Research Questions:
Where and how are these managers of collective innovation doing this?
What are the key management areas to create conditions for for collective innovation initiatives?
How can we help collective innovation managers to visualize/manage these areas?
1.
2.
3.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 5
Four case studies to uncover a new actor: The collective innovation manager
Research Background and Method
Management Dimensions
SimultaneousSolve? Interests/
Goals
FocusGovernance
IP management
Innovation strategy
Exploration vs. Exploitation
Hierarchical vs. Autonomous
Company vs. Network
Protecting vs. Revealing
Centralized vs. Decentralized
Organization
Conflictingvs. Collective
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 6
Four Case Studies to help “visualize” the invisible collective innovation manager
Management Dimensions
Four case studies to uncover a new actor: The collective innovation manager
Research Background and Method
Toward a new management actor:The collective innovation manager, relying on specific managerial techniques: visualizing the unknown, visualizing the interdependencies, visualizing the nature of the OI place, visualizing network creation
SimultaneousSolve? Interests/
Goals
FocusGovernance
IP management
Innovation strategy
Exploration vs. Exploitation
Hierarchical vs. Autonomous
Company vs. Network
Protecting vs. Revealing
Centralized vs. Decentralized
Organization
Conflictingvs. Collective
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 7
Our case findings support the assumption that collective innovation managers apply simultaneous solves in several management dimensions
Case Study Results (Siemens)
Organization
IP Management
Governance
Centralized: Structures, guidelines, processes and tools
Decentralized: Responsible for running collective innovation initiatives
Protecting: Intellectual property is systematically secured in patents
Revealing: Unused IP and technologies are commercialized via licenses and Spin-outs
Simultaneous Solve1)
No top-down targets and KPIs, and no pure bottom-up activities
Idea selection: Bottom-up pre-selection (short-listing) via voting, but final top-down management decision
1) Harvey balls: = simultaneous solve identified; = simultaneous solve not identified
1.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 8
Example: Simultaneous solve, based on the visualization of the unknown (1/2)
Case study result (I-care)EXPLOITATIONS
Known competences and skills Established firms and
interactions with partners Stable identity of the objects
EXPLORATIONS
Re-discussing the identity of the objects
Exploring new ideas Involving new actors
Based on most recent design theory (C-K theory, Hatchuel & Weil 2003, 2009)
9
Example: Simultaneous solve, based on the visualization of the unknown (2/2)
Using C-K referential : Cases of ST-Microelectronics and of I-Care
Generated actions of C-K referential1. Define new projects for established
firms
1 Mobilizing existing knowledge in a different concept is attainable for established firms
2 Identifying complementary actors who have the knowledge and/or skills that are currently lacking
3 & 4Identifying missing knowledge, and interesting concepts to develop
+
Launching collaborative workshops with relevant actors to fill the knowledge gaps and to explore interesting unexplored concepts
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
1.
+
2. Build new partnerships
3. Expand the scope of action for institutions who want to act as an open innovation facilitator
4. Foster new ways to interact (seminars)
10
Example: Visualize Conflicts to manage collective innovation (1/2)
Few relationships between stakeholders
Farm
Coop
Research Center
Local Auth.
NGO
Farm
Farm
Farm
Agrosystem
That produces food for humans
That provides food of good quality
Maximizing yields Preserving natural equilibria
Only with profitable crops
With areas of regulations (grasslands)
Using chemicals, fertilizers…
Using ecosystem services
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Initial situation
Initial situation: no common ground
11
Concepts Knowledge
Example: Visualize Conflicts to manage collective innovation (2/2)
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Functions having an individual potential value
Functions having a collective potential value
Design parameters (DP) activated at an individual level
i.e. use fertilizers to increase grassland yields
i.e. reduce the use of herbicides to preserve groundwater
DP activated at a collective level
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to reduce individual costs for farmers
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to maximize biological control
The initial concept
conciliates conflicting
attributes of the
agrosystem
List of attributes from a productive and from an ecological perspective:Þ Common/cleaving attributesÞ Potential values associated to
these attributes
Visualize interdependences between actors: collaborations required for collective DP, or beneficiaries of new collective values
A productive agrosystem that preserves natural equilibria
Without grassland
With grasslands
Frequent mowing
No mowing in Summer
Reduced herbic.
No use of herbicides
Use of herbicides
Use of herbic.
Without localization of
grasslands
Without localization
With localization
No mowing
Visualize opportunities for open innovation that overcome the initial dilemma
Build intermediary
paths with new DP
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 12
Building on the identified simultaneous solves, we were able to identify four key management areas for collective innovation initiatives
Key Management Areas
Collective Innovation
Management
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we know to
open the box?
Exploitation vs. exploration
strategyFocus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?Company vs.
network focus
Interdepen-dencies
How can we go from conflicting
interests to collective goals?
Conflicting vs. collective
interests/goals
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and through what
channels/tools?
Centralized vs. decentralized organization
2.
Structu
ring t
he
innovation field
Connecting
people
Committing p
eopleSustaining
openness
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 13
Uncover an (unexpected) collective innovation management…
Key Management Areas More than incentives… …Commit the right people to contribute to collective
innovation
Don’t avoid conflicts, don’t look for trade
offs……Deal with
conflicts in a creative way
Before sharing knowledge …
…Share an agenda of
open issues
Not a shared vision! A legitimate place for collective
innovation
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdepen-dencies
How can we go from conflicting
interests to collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and through what
channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we know to
open the box?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 14
… with relevant visualization techniques
Key Management Areas
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdepen-dencies
How can we go from conflicting
interests to collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and through what
channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we know to
open the box?
Visualize the unknown
Visualize the emerging, relevant networks
Visualize interdependenciesVisualize the legitimate place
More than incentives… …Commit the right people to contribute to collective
innovation
Don’t avoid conflicts, don’t look for trade
offs……Deal with
conflicts in a creative way
Before sharing knowledge …
…Share an agenda of
open issues
Not a shared vision! A legitimate place for collective
innovation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 15
A workshop concept to help visualizing and managing each of the 4 key management areas
Visualization WorkshopsVisualize the opportunity space
Visualize the infrastructure (and performance)
Visualize conflicts and interdependencies
Visualize the nature of collective innovation
Objectives
Diagnosis technique(visualization)
(Tutorial for) Practical application
Conclusion
WORKSHOP STRUCTURE1
2
3
4
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdependencies
How can we go from conflicting interests to
collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and
through what channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we
know to open the box?
Structu
ring th
e
innovation field
Connecting
people
Committing peopleSustaining
openness
3.
16
Workshop – Visualizing the Unknown
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
1) Purpose Unveiling innovation strategies dilemmas “exploration vs. exploitation” Can a innovation lock-in situation be diagnosed, and is it possible to
objectify the gap between expected innovations and the ones that are currently attainable by existing innovation capabilities ?
2) Case study Harnessing ICT innovation to augment the lives of the fragile and elderly people in the Rhone-
Alps region (France) An assessment : demand on the market increases (aging population) whereas few products or
services arrive on the market today and provide successfully solutions An orphan innovation situation : an innovation highly expected by society, but that no actor or
consortium of actors can manage to process whereas all the structural conditions to foster it are gathered.
3) Initial diagnosis There is a gap between attainable exploitations (that mobilize known
competences and skills, established firms and interactions with partners, dealing with a stable identity of the objects) and expected explorations (that re-discuss the identity ofthe objects, explore new ideas and involve new actors) 4) How can an OI manager solve the dilemma?
Visualizing the unknown can make it possible to overcome an exploration / exploitation dilemma
5) Tutorial for an open innovation manager
6) Conclusion Visualizing unknown paths of innovation created at a collective level
can help an open innovation manager in solving conflicting situations.
a. What are the existing projects
b. What is society expecting ?
c. What could be a
higher level concept that
helps to expand the
classic model of existing actors ?
d. Who are the relevant actors to involve?
e. How to deal with unexplored concepts?
April 11, 2023
2. Visualization I: Heat Maps
4. Analysis and Conclusions
3. Visualisation II: Integrated Tree Map
1. Scope Definition
Number of Ideas by Region (Attribute 2)
Max.
WorkshopVisualizing the Communication Infrastructure (Performance)
üPlatform
Origin Ideas Evaluation/Rating
ü
Database
Who contributes, how much?(Quantity)
How good are the contributions?
(Quality)
Idea contributors with differentiating attributes (e.g., geography, age, sector, department etc.)
Number of Ideas by Age(Attribute 1)
low
medium
high
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
< 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 > 55
Max.
Workshop Tutorial1. Scope
a) Define relevant user attributes for quantitative analyses (e.g., region, age, department etc.)
b) Define quality measure (e.g., user rating, degree of novelty, feasibility, business benefit)
2. Heat Mapsa) Extract data and
calculate distribution of ideas for each selected user attribute
b) Draw heat maps
3. Integrated Tree Mapa) Rank attributes and
associated categories by idea concentration (maxmax top left)
b) Draw tree map
4. Quantity vs. Qualitya) Identify high quality
ideas and map into treeb) Derive conclusions
Attribute 1
Attribute 2
Attribute 3
Martin Wiener; Martin Stötzel
Quantity Quality
Stars „Untapped“Stars
April 11, 2023
1) Initial goal Overcome conflicting objectives e.g. “farming production vs.
environment protection”
Is it possible to transform a conflicting object into an asset source of collective innovation?
2) Case study A French cereal plain : How to combine crop production & environment
protection (as intensive agricultural practices are threatening the environment)
A solution proposed by ecologists is to reintroduce grasslands in the agrosystem to preserve natural equilibria
Problem: it is a conflicting solution. Grasslands are less profitable than crops, so this solution triggers high individual costs for farmers
3)Initial diagnosis Stakeholders (farmers, naturalists…) have divergent interests
in rural areas (agrosystems): visualize convergences and divergences Agrosystem
That produces food for humans
That provides food of good quality
Maximizing yields
Preserving natural equilibria
Only with profitable crops
With areas of regulations (grasslands)
Using chemicals, fertilizers…
Using ecosystem services
a. What are the different
attributes of the solution
proposed?
4) How can an OI manager solve the dilemma?
Functions having an individual potential value
Functions having a collective potential value
Design parameters (DP) activated at an individual level
i.e. use fertilizers to increase grassland yieldsIndividual innovation
i.e. reduce the use of herbicides to preserve groundwater
DP activated at a collective level
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to reduce individual costs for farmers
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to maximize biological control
(Knowledge)
A productive agrosystem that preserves natural equilibria
Without grassland
With grasslands
Frequent mowing
No mowing in Summer
Reduced herbic.
No use of herbicides
Use of herbicides
Use of herbic.
Without localization of
grasslands
Without localization
With localization
No mowing
c. The initial concept
conciliates conflicting
attributes of the agrosystem
List of attributes from a productive and from an ecological perspective:Þ Common/cleaving attributesÞ Potential values associated to
these attributes
(Concepts)
f. Visualize opportunities for open innovation that overcome the initial dilemma
5) Tutorial for an open innovation manager
1° Diagnose the conflict: Specify the attributes (design parameters, functions) of the conflicting object
2° Identify the potential values of cleaving attributes + Find new attributes with potential values
3° Represent existing design paths, and propose intermediary paths that create a common ground between actors
4° Visualize interdependences between actors created by the new solutions proposed, and stimulate innovative collaboration
d. Identify attributes of grasslands that create collective solutions
DP1a DP3 DP2a
DP2bDP1b
h. Identify The network for open
innovation
b. What are the cleaving
attributes that «separate » pro &
cons
Consensual attributes
Cleaving attributes
Open innovation
6) Conclusion Visualizing interdependences between stakeholders and new potential
values created at a collective level can help an open innovation manager in solving conflicting situations.
g. Visualize interdependences between actors: - collaborations required for collective DP, or- beneficiaries of new collective values
e. Build intermediary
paths with new DP
WorkshopVisualize Interdependences
E. Berthet, B. Segrestin
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 19
1.Conduct interviews with a subset of involved key people:
What are the tensions that they experience between the home organization and the arena?
What are the specific dilemmasinvolved in managing these tensions?
Trust
Loyalty
Knowledge Generation
Career
4. Identify and emphasize critical manifestations of legitimacy in theopen innovation collaboration
3. Characterize the type of higher level solutions needed re-solve the dilemmas in the open innovation collaboration
DiagnosisOpen collective innovation is paradoxical to participants. They need to optimize both for the collective and for the home organization. The result is a number of tension/dilemmas that must be resolved in order for the open innovation collaboration to be perceived as a legitimate place to share knowledge and generate ideas.
How can we create a legitimate place for
open innovation?
Career
Home organization
viewpoint
Collective effort
viewpoint
Higher level solution Example
2.Define Who are the key people that must be involved in dialogues to solve the tensions? What rules need to be established to enable an open and honest conversation?
Arrange dialogue Resolve dilemmas
Workshop – Creating Legitimacy in Open Innovation
OI Arena
Analyze
SolutionsThe dilemmas are partly solved by creating legitimacy on the project level, but also on a higher level, where management plays an important role
RisksIf the process of creating legitimacy is not open, you end up in a game like situation where no joint development actually takes place.
Higher level solutions to be developed in open dialogues
between stakeholders
Knowledge generation
Career
Trust
Loyalty
Manifest Solution
SAFER legiti-macy
Offices
Logo
Academic papers
Shared Experi-ences
Office key
Con-tracts
Business cards
Relationships with
others
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 20
Conclusion
… in which “visualizing the invisible” (the unknown) is critical
An (emerging) model of the management of collective innovation…
Known interests, known competences, known
futures…
Incentives, knowledge and value sharing =
optimisation & planning
If the new changes the
game management limits the new to stabilize the
game
If the new changes the
game management broadens the
unknown!
Discover interests, values, techniques, stakeholders…
Visualize the unknown, creative use of conflict,
networks expansion, legitimate cooperative
place
Thanks to PPF support, this research opens a promising research program, with a new research network!
Market-based models of open innovation: brokers, planning & optimisation
Emerging model of collective innovation management: shaping the unknown
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 21
Backup
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 23
Publication related to PPF projectPublikationen (Zeitschriften, Buchkapitel, etc.) aus den Jahren 2010 und 2011 AGOGUÉ, M., LE MASSON, P. & ROBINSON, D. K. R. 2011. Orphan Innovation, or when path-creation goes stale: missing entrepreneurs or missing
innovation? Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, (submitted). AGOGUE, M., YSTRÖM, A., & LE MASSON, P. 2011. Expanding the Role of Intermediaries – Achieving collaborative radical innovation by managing exploration
processes. International Journal of Innovation Management (submitted). BERTHET, E., BRETAGNOLLE, V. & SEGRESTIN, B. 2011. Introduction of semi-perennial forage crops in an intensive cereal plain to restore biodiversity: a need
for collective management Journal for Sustainable Agriculture (accepted). ELMQUIST, M., FREDBERG, T., OLLILA, S. & YSTRÖM, A. forthcoming, 2011. Role Confusion in Open Innovation Intermediary Arenas. In: WITTKE, V., HANEKOP,
H. & SPINDLER, G. (eds.) Collaborative production and innovation. GIANNOPOULOU, E., YSTRÖM, A. & OLLILA, S. 2011. Turning Open Innovation into Practice: Open Innovation Research through the Lens of Managers.
International Journal of Innovation Management, 15, 505–524. GIANNOPOULOU, E., YSTRÖM, A., OLLILA, S., FREDBERG, T. & ELMQUIST, M. 2010. Implications of Openness: A Study into (All) the Growing Literature on
Open Innovation. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 5, 162-180.
Konferenzbeiträge aus den Jahren 2010 und 2011 BERTHET, E. 2011. From common pool resources to collectively designed resources: A need for innovative governance systems. Poster presented at Elinor
Ostrom’s Doctoral Master Class. Montpellier, 21st June 2011. EKLÖF, A., YSTRÖM, A. & OLLILA, S. 2011. Open Innovation -Anything goes? A Review of Empirical Research on Open Innovation. EURAM. Tallinn, Estonia, 1-4
June, 2011. ELMQUIST, M., OLLILA, S. & YSTRÖM, A. forthcoming, 2011. Enabling knowledge creation among competitors: the open innovation arena. Nordic Academy of
Management conference. Stockholm, August 22-24, 2011. STÖTZEL, M. & WIENER, M. 2011. Managing Open Innovation--Trade-off or Simultaneous Solve? In: Informatik Proceedings, 2011. STÖTZEL, M., WIENER, M. & AMBERG, M. 2011. Key Differentiators of Open Innovation Platforms – A Market-oriented Perspective. In: Wirtschaftinformatik
Proceedings, 2011. YSTRÖM, A. forthcoming, 2011. Exploring an open innovation project unleashing the creative potential: Stories of resistance and emancipation. EGOS.
Gothenburg,Sweden, 7-8 July 2011. YSTROM, A. & AGOGUÉ, M. 2011. Radical open innovation: the new role of intermediaries. Findings from collaborative intermediary arenas in Sweden and
France. International Product Development Management Conference. Delft, the Netherlands.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 24
In 2010, a group a researchers started collaborating on a joint research project funded by the Peter-Pribilla-FoundationResearch Setting
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 25
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 26
Collaboration (Meetings, Topics)
Individual Case Studies
Kick-off
Nuremberg15 Dec 2010
Gothenburg22 Mar 2011
Paris30 Jun 2011
Paris15 Sep 2011
Munich24 Oct 2011
Final presentation
Team Workshops
1. Four reference cases: identify critical dilemmas, techniques to solve them, efficiency of these techniques
2. Visualization Management Techniques of the OI manager (building the OI square):
a) Visualize the unknown
b) Visualize interdependencies
c) Visualize communication networks
d) Visualize an identity
3. A workable format to help OI managers: “how do you design your own OI leader”
a) Interactive, based on experiences
b) Cumulative
c) Self evaluation: what kind of dilemma do you solve.
1 1
1
2
2
3
Case studiesCase studies
Case studies
Visualization
Visualization
OI Manager
27
Ambidexterity is an established theme in management researchTheoretical Background
• Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both the left and the right hand
• In management research, ambidexterity is usually referring to organizations who manage to efficiently run their current business while at the same time preparing for a changing future:
• Relevant literature, examples:
o Duncan, R. 1976. The Ambidextrous Organization: Designing Dual Structures for Innovation
o March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning
o Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A. 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change
o Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 28
EXPLORATIONEXPLOITATION
PROTECTING REVEALING
Prior research indicates that successful collective innovators apply contradicting approaches simultaneously for managing their innovation activities
MotivationResearch Questions:
Successful collective innovators seem to reconcile contradicting management approaches (Simultaneous Solve), but…
1.Where and how are they doing this?
2.What are the key management areas for collective innovation initiatives?
3.How can we help collective innovators to visualize/manage these areas?
Management Dimension
Simultaneous Solve:
Ambidexterity
Examples:
SAFER Context
170 persons hold keys to SAFER office
• 50% from Chalmers, 50% from other partners
• ca 40 PhD students (40 % industrial)
• 45 full time in SAFER
VINNOVASwedish Road Administration
Region Västra Götaland
CHALMERSGothenburg universitySPVTITÖIViktoria instituteImego ABSicomp AB
AutolivEpsilon
FolksamSaab
SMWScan. Auto. Suppl.
ScaniaTelia Sonera
Volvo CC Volvo Group
LSP
Crash Post-crashPre-crashTraffic Safety Analysis
Focus areas Incidents and accidents Driver state/action/reaction Prediction for accident prevention Methods for evaluation of safety systems Electric Vehicles and Vehicle Combination Human Models and Biomechanics
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 30
Organizational ambidexterity is a renown theme in management scienceAmbidexterity
• Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both left and right appendages (such as the hands)
• In Management, organizational ambidexterity is usually referring to organizations who manage to efficiently run their current business while at the same time preparing for a changing future
• Literature e.g.:
o Duncan, R. 1976. The ambidextrous Organization: Designing dual structures for Innovation
o March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning
o Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A. 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change
o Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 31
Each team is running their specific case study which is dedicated to the underlying research questionResearch Question
Successful collective innovators seem to reconcile contradicting approaches for managing their innovation activities (“Simultaneous Solve”), but…
1. How are they doing this?2. What are the “hidden/invisible”
variables (from a leadership, governance, process, and IT tool perspective) enabling them to resolve the resulting dilemmas?
Management Dimension
Trade-off:
Management Dimension
Simultaneous Solve:
ambidextrous approach
ILLUSTRATIVE
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 32
We see leading companies apply ambidextrous approaches (Simultaneous Solve) with regards to innovation managementSimultaneous Solve - Examples
• Organizational ambidexterity: Procter & Gamble have decentralized their R&D unit closer towards the business units and simultaneously created central innovation „think-tanks“ for disruptive innovations
• Embedded Linux (OSS): Nokia and Philips in some cases have chosen Linux as operating system for their electronic devices. The developers engage with the Linux open source community and selectively share some of their own innovations while protecting (hiding) others
• Procter & Gamble as well as Siemens systematically identify Intellectual Property (patents) which they do not use for their own business and commercialize it via Licensing and Spin-outs
Source: Web research, press articles
EXAMPLES
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 33
Our case study: How does Siemens manage their Open Innovation initiatives? Do they apply the Simultaneous Solve?Case Study
• Founded 1857• 400.000 employees• 31.000 R&D people• Annual R&D spend:
~4 bn. EUR, 56.000 active patents
• # 34 in Business Week’s list of most innovative companies worldwide (ahead of Dell, Vodafone, Nike)
How does Siemens manage collective/open innovation, and do they apply the Simultaneous Solve?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 34
Siemens has a central Open Innovation unit which provides structures, processes and toolsOpen Innovation at Siemens
*) Organization as of 04/2011
Industry Energy Healthcare
Corporate Functions (cross-sector)
*)
Corporate Technology (CTO)
Open Innovation
CTO OI
Siemens CTO OI
Open Innovation Activities Framework (by Siemens CTO OI)
“Service provider”
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 35
Our case study included interviews with the central OI unit as well as operating business units (which run OI initiatives)
Case InterviewsCENTRAL UNITCTO Open Innovation
• Interview with head of Unit Dr. Lackner
• Interview with Open Innovation Specialist
“There is hard work to be done in opening doors
while maintaining some control, (…)”
Dr. Lackner
OPERATING BUSINESS UNITS
Siemens Student Award Middle-East (Dubai),
2011
Smart Grid Contest, 2011 Sustainability Idea Contest (internal), 2010
Technology Accelerators; Out-licensing, spin-outs
Innovation Hubs Contest (internal),
2011
ScheduledScheduled
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 36
Our findings support first indications from prior literature that the simultaneous solve is applied in OI Management
Case Study Findings (1/2)
Organization
MGT. DIMENSION FINDINGSSIMULTANEOUS
SOLVE 1)
The central open innovation unit develops structures and concepts, identifies technical solutions and solution providers, advertises the concepts across the business units, and supervises the open innovation initiatives.
By contrast, the individual initiatives are then run as projects by the respective (decentral) business units with guidance and sparring from the central unit.
Governance
• Open innovation initiatives are neither demanded top-down from the management, nor initiated autonomously by the internal or external communities. It is rather the middle management that decides that open innovation may help in their business context
• There are also no top-down targets set, neither for individual open innovation initiatives nor for the central open innovation unit
• The decision process of selecting the best ideas uses a combination of bottom-up and top-down mechanisms: Short-listing of ideas is done via the votes of the community and a jury of managers and experts perform the final selection
1) Harvey balls: Black ball = simultaneous solve identified. White ball = simultaneous solve not identified
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 37
However this does not apply to all dimensions. Motivation of participants seems to be limited to intrinsic mechanisms
Case Study Findings (2/2)
IP Management
MGT. DIMENSION FINDINGSSIMULTANEOUS
SOLVE 1)
IP protection is a well established practice because IP has always been vital for Siemens business success in competitive markets
A dedicated subsidiary (Siemens Technology Accelerator) works with venture capitalists to establish new start-ups that make use of un-used IP by developing innovative business models
Motivation
• Siemens heavily relies on intrinsic motivation. Receiving attention and feedback in virtual discussions with other participants seems to provide a sufficient motivation for employees to contribute.
• For internal initiatives, the prospect of presenting own ideas in front of a management jury may motivate employees to invest significant efforts in open innovation activities
Innovation Strategy and
other dimensions
?• Innovation Strategy (exploration vs. exploitation) has not been discussed as
a management dimension, in the conducted case interviews• Also, we could not yet identify additional management dimensions relevant
for Open Innovation management
1) Harvey balls: Black ball = simultaneous solve identified. White ball = simultaneous solve not identified
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 38
How does the Simultaneous Solve impact performance? Can we measure the performance of Innovation Communities?Performance of Innovation Communities DISCUSSION
Performance KPIs• Intensity of
communication• Number of idea &
proposals• Selected ideas /
solutions• Business benefit• ...
Measurement(KPIs)
Attributes of participants• Specific role-profiles of participants• Technical / educational background of
participants• Time participants spend in the network• Geographical proximity• Belonging to the same business unit / area• ...
Communication Infrastructure Performance Evaluation 1. Nodes = Participants
2. Arcs = Collaboration
3. Centricity = Performance
4. Colours = Attributes
Appendix
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Resolving dilemmas in collective innovationThe I-Care case
28 th June 2011Paris, Pribilla group
Marine AGOGUECGS, MINES ParisTechF-75 272 Paris, FranceTel: +33 1 40 51 9201
Mail: [email protected],
A C-K referential helps to diagnose the gap between reality and expectations, and provides a way to objectify the distance between attainable exploitation and expected exploration
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
C-K referential on ICT for autonomy in Rhône-Alpes region
Diagnosing exploration / exploitation dilemmas
attainable exploitations
expected explorations
Data : workshop analysis, interviews of firms, questionnaire (22 responses)Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 41
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
Using the C-K referential : cases of ST-Microelectronics and of I-Care
1 – Define new projects for established firms
2 – Build new partnerships
3 - Expand the scope of action for institutions who want to act as an open innovation facilitator
4 - Foster new ways to interact (seminars)
Visualizing the unknown to overcome dilemmas
1Mobilizing existing knowledge in a different concept is attainable for
established firms
Generated actions of C-K referential
2Identifying complementary
actors who have the knowledge and/or skills
that are currently lacking3 & 4
Identifying missing knowledge, and interesting concepts to develop
+Launching collaborative workshops with relevant actors to fill
the knowledge gapsand to explore interesting unexplored concepts
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 42
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
C-K referential : A tool that requires to mobilize innovative design C-K theory and its formalisms *
How to build the C-K referential ? Toolkit for a OI leader
2
1
33
4
556
STEP 1Gather classical knowledge (experts) & list all the current projects
STEP 2From this first knowledge basis, build the known paths of innovation
STEP 3Expand the knowledge basis, meet new experts and build a robust model of high-level of abstraction
STEP 4 & 5Expand the knowledge and concept spaces until no more expertise or project seems out of the scope
STEP 6Position projects on the innovation field mapping
An Open Innovation can then rely on such a tool for balancing between attainable exploitations and expected explorations
* Bibliography : Hatchuel, A. & Weil, B. (2009) C-K design theory: An advanced formulation. Research in Engineering Design 19, 181-192. 4.Hatchuel, A., Le Masson P., Weil,B. (2004). C-K theory in practice, lessons from industrial applications. Annual meeting of The Design Society, Dubrovnik.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 43
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective InnovationThe case of open management of farming systems
Elsa Berthet Blanche Segrestin
October 2011 – Mines Paristech
Diagnosis of dilemmas:
Initial situation:
no common ground
Few relationships between
stakeholders
Farm
Coop
Research Center
Local Auth.
NGO
Farm
Farm
Farm
Initial situationAgrosystem
That produces food for humans
That provides food of good quality
Maximizing yields
Preserving natural
equilibria
Only with profitable crops
With areas of regulations (grasslands)
Using chemicals, fertilizers…
Using ecosystem
services
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
45
Identify alternative ways to deal with the dilemmas
Functions having an individual potential value
Functions having a collective potential value
Design parameters (DP) activated at an individual level
i.e. use fertilizers to increase grassland yields
i.e. reduce the use of herbicides to preserve groundwater
DP activated at a collective level
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to reduce individual costs for farmers
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to maximize biological control
(Knowledge)
A productive agrosystem that preserves natural
equilibria
Without grassland
With grassland
s
Frequent mowing
No mowing in Summer
Reduced
herbic.
No use of herbicide
s
Use of herbicides
Use of herbic.
Without localization
of grasslands
Without localizatio
n
With localization
No mowing
The initial
concept
conciliates
conflicting
attributes of the
agrosystem
List of attributes from a productive and from an ecological perspective:ÞCommon/cleaving attributesÞPotential values associated to these attributes
(Concepts)
Visualize opportunities for open innovation that overcome the
initial dilemma
g. Visualize interdependences between
actors: - collaborations required
for collective DP, or- beneficiaries of new
collective values
Build
intermediary
paths with
new DP
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
46
Ex.
2) Visualize interdependenciesGrasslan
d
With fodder production
Without fodder
production
Frequent mowing
No mowing in Summer
1) Visualize grassland design parameters
Use of herbicide
s
No use of
herb.
Without localizatio
n
With localizatio
n
Reduced herb.
No use of
herb.
Use of herb.
Without localizatio
n
With localizatio
n
Farm
Farm
Coop
Research Center
Local Auth.
NGO
Farm
Farm
Loss of harvest,
Pests
Biological control
Waterorg.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
47
Empty pattern
1° Diagnose the conflict: Specify the attributes (design parameters, functions) of the conflicting object
2° Identify the potential values of cleaving attributes + Find new attributes with potential values
3° Represent existing design paths, and propose intermediary paths that create a common ground between actors
4° Visualize interdependences between actors created by the new solutions proposed, and stimulate innovative collaboration
DP1a DP3 DP2a
DP2bDP1b
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
48
The visualization of the communication infrastructure and its performance is based on the (quantitative) origin and the (qualitative) rating of idea contributions
Analysis Framework
Platform
Origin Ideas Evaluation/Rating
üü
Database
Quantitative Analyses
Qualitative Analyses
Idea contributors with differentiating attributes (e.g., geography, age, job title, sector, department etc.)
Heat maps visualize the distribution of ideas by selected user attributes; by combining heat maps, the tree map offers an integrated perspective on “hot spots”
Visualization: Heat & Tree Maps (Idea Quantity)
Number of Ideas by Age (Attribute 1)
lowmediumhigh
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
< 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 > 55
Number of Ideas by Region (Attribute 2)
Attribute 1
Attribute ...
Attribute n
600
280 120 140 60
400 200
300 100
Tree Map: Number of Ideas by Attributes
Many ideasFew ideas
Max-Max
Min-Max
Max.
Max.
By comparing quantitative and qualitative “hot spots”, the collective innovation manager can identify “untapped” target groups and derive corrective actions
Evaluation: Idea Quantity vs. Quality
Quantity of Ideas (Count) Quality of Ideas (Rating)
Fewer ideas, but better
quality
Same structure
More ideas, but lower
qualityCollective Innovation Manager:Pay special attention to “untapped” stars and take corrective actions
Stars „Untapped“Stars