Road Map for Management of Indoor Air Quality

Slide 1

Road Map for Management of Indoor Air Quality

By Dr. Prasad Modak,Director, Ekonnect Knowledge Foundation

Prasad ModakSlide 2

IntroductionIndoor Air quality (IAQ)- • Air quality within and around buildings and structures,

especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants.

• Traditionally associated with Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

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Prasad ModakSlide 3

Why IAQ?IAQ impacts the health, comfort, well being, and productivity of building occupants

On average, people spend at least 90% of their time indoors. Assuming ceteris paribus, exposure from indoor pollutants is 9 times that from ambient pollutants

Good indoor air quality can:

1. Safeguard our health

2. Contribute to our comfort and wellbeing

3. Improve productivity at the workplace

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Prasad ModakSlide 4

Need for Strategic Approach

IAQ could be addressed through:

a. Standards, codes and guidelines governing IAQ-nationally and/or internationally

b. Source reduction strategies by choosing low emission materials and finishes

c. Engineering control for cleaning the air

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Standards, Codes and Guidelines

• Standards

– International

– National

• Codes

– ASHRAE & ISHRAE

• Guidelines

– NBC, 2005

– GRIHA

– IGBC

Indoor Air Quality

Source Modification

• Low VOC emitting household products

• Low VOC Building Materials/ interior design materials

• Low VOC paints

Engineering Control

• Ventilation & Dilution

• Filtration

• Disinfection

Prasad ModakSlide 5

International Standards

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• Most countries have used combination of regulatory standards supported by building codes.

Prasad ModakSlide 6

International Standards –China

Early starter on forming IAQ standards

Three stages of legislative history

Starting stage (late 1970s-1993)- Established two sets of IAQ relevant standards

Developing stage (1994-2000)

Normative management stage (2001-present)

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Prasad ModakSlide 7

Indian Situation

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) first proposed in 1988

NAAQS upgraded in 2009

Aligned as per the international AAQS

No indoor air quality standard

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Prasad ModakSlide 8

National Building Code

• Covers Industrial and non industrial use

• Standards for ventilation and design of HVAC systems to remove particulate matter

• Does not specify concentrations/ interventions for management of IAQ

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Prasad ModakSlide 9

LEED

• Covers new construction, major renovations and core and shell.

• Has stringent requirements. Includes air quality performance and ETS control. Also monitoring and preparing a management plan

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Prasad ModakSlide 10

IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

• Areas covered- Homes, townships, SEZ and factory buildings. Separate guide on each type gives information about the credits and requirements

• Focuses mainly on tobacco smoke control and VOC. It does not include monitoring and management of indoor air quality

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TERI GRIHA

–Different types of new and existing buildings (commercial, institutional or residential.)

–Focus on Low VOC materials and ETS

–No emphasis on ventilation rates, monitoring or management of IAQ

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Prasad Modak

ASHRAE/ISHRAE

–Focus on HVAC design

–Covers all types of buildings

–ASHRAE has performance based procedures and not occupancy based

–also referred in LEED

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IAQ and Energy Consumption

Maintaining good IAQ requires enhanced ventilation and hence increased consumption of energy and thus higher operating costs.

Reducing ventilation rates to save energy, with no countermeasures, increases indoor-generated VOCs and small particles by an amount that may pose health risks.

To strike balance between two, integrated design approach towards IAQ and energy should be used.

Such an approach needs to be reflected in India's building codes, standards and rating systems. 4/13/2012


IAQ and Health• Most studies based on short term measurement and/or suffer from

smaller sample size

• Focus on either rural and/or urban poor areas (slums). Cooking stoves as source of pollutants.

• Focus of research is limited to conventional pollutants like PM10, NO2 and/or CO. Cumulative aspects not studied

• Hardly any studies conducted on urban or peri-urban households, using natural and/or artificial ventilation

• Impacts on artificial ventilation on the build up of indoor pollutant levels are yet to be investigated

• Very few studies have been conducted at public places (auditoriums, cinema, Metro)

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Recommendations- IAQ and HealthBroad scale, sufficiently long term experiments should be conducted in both artificially and naturally ventilated houses in both rural and urban areas in India. Will allow better understanding of IAQ and its health implications to develop appropriate interventions.

Apart from PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO, pollutants like PM2.5, Benzene-Toluene-Xylene, Formaldehyde, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene should be analyzed in chemical parameters. Biological parameters like growth of molds, spores, dust mites and bacteria should be considered.

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Recommendations - IAQ and HealthA networked research project that will address IAQ at 6 to 7 metropolitan cities and 3 to 4 rural clusters could be taken up. This study will not only provide valuable research data but help build capacities, monitoring protocol etc. on lines with the source apportionment study that was coordinated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

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• There is a need to set up a National Centre of Excellence researching on IAQ with appropriate infrastructure. The INDOORTRON facility is one excellent example


Need for CoordinationMultiple stakeholders involved

Multi agency coordination required

Set up a multi agency Central Coordination Agency (CCA)

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Indoor air

pollution and

health

Ministry of Rural

development (MoRD)

Ministry of women and

Child development

(MoWCD)Ministry of health and

family welfare (MoH&FW)

Ministry of Housing and

Urban poverty alleviation

Bureau of Indian

standards

Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF)

Ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE)

–Develop overarching policy regarding IAQ

–Establish a Central Coordinating Agency (CCA)

–Develop ToR , responsibility & authority and its delegation for CCA

–Identify research gaps and potential areas for interventions

–Identify research agencies / organizations

–Initiate Standard Setting Process for IAQ

–Develop plans for generating awareness amongst major stakeholder

–Plan for economic assessment

– Assign research projects to develop standards on IAQ

– Initiate long term networked research such as Expolis

– Create a Centre for Excellence for research on IAQ with facilities like INDOORTRAN

– Hold international dialogues on IAQ

– Publish IAQ standards with core set of criteria pollutants for target areas e,g, public common places

– Develop monitoring protocol – Establish enforcement

mechanism– Demand reporting

requirements on IAQ e.g. ESR, SoER

– Initiate economic assessment– Influence Building Codes and

Ratings for addressing IAQ– Initiate standards for

emissions from building materials and products

– Launch awareness on IAQ in both urban and rural areas

– Ensure inter ministry and inter-agency coordination on IAQ

– Gradually shift to more complex pollutants like PM2.5, HCHO, VOCs, BTX etc.

–Develop monitoring protocol for above

–Review effectiveness of enforcement mechanism

–Publish emission standards for major or most commonly used building materials and products

–Continue awareness on IAQ

–Provide incentives/disincentives and awards SHORT (6 months – 1

year)MEDIUM (1 year – 3

years)LONG (3 years – 6

years)

Roadmap for Government

Roadmap for Industry–Identify best international practices / benchmarks for IEQ in Buildings like ASHREA 189.1 etc.

–Sensitize members / industries / clients on IAQ & create a demand

–Provide feedback to Govt. to ensure that the plans/guidelines on IAQ are aligned to market demands/requirements

–Generate awareness amongst members

–Hold discussions on IAQ with international counterparts and research agencies

–Encourage / sponsor research

–Modify/strengthen building codes and rating schemes

–Innovate building materials and products that have low VOC emissions

–Develop cost-effective IAQ monitoring systems

–Sustain IAQ demand in market by introducing energy efficient and innovative air cleaning technologies

–Adopt /develop technologies to suit Indian conditions

–Help Govt. on improving IAQ related policy/guidelines

–Develop ties with international agencies for knowledge sharing and/or technology transfer

–Encourage indigenous patents in IAQ – technologies, mateials and products

–Develop market based instruments for IAQ technology improvement & promotion

SHORT (6 months – 1 year)

MEDIUM (1 year – 3 years)

LONG (3 years – 6 years)

Roadmap for Research Agencies

–Identify and collate research (s) conducted on IAQ, status in India & abroad and linkage(s) with health, exposure, energy, management plan etc.

–Identify gaps in present research space

–Develop research proposal to Central Coordination Agency (CCA)

–Identify counterpart international agencies / universities working on IAQ

–Conduct research & develop new technologies on improving IAQ – ventilation, air cleaning, monitoring, building materials and products etc.

–Address the context and need of the rural poor and slums in urban areas – develop cheap but cleaner fuel substitutes

–Develop ties with international agencies for knowledge sharing and/or technology transfer , do technology adoption to suit Indian conditions

–Build robust framework for economic assessment

– Develop low cost IAQ solutions (incl. retrofits) suited for Indian conditions

– Help Govt. in developing new IAQ standards / monitoring protocols

– File patents & tie up with industries for mass production of IAQ related solutions

– Help in developing mass awareness on IAQ along with Industry & Govt.

– Apply economic assessment to make a business case of managing IAQ

SHORT (6 months – 1 year)

MEDIUM (1 year – 3 years)

LONG (3 years – 6 years)

–EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE ACTION

Let’s build ourselves

–ACTION (WHAT , WHEN )

–WHO (AGENCY & PARTNER)


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Road Map for Management of Indoor Air Quality