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Presentacion de 11th Asian Maize Conference which took place in Beijing, China from November 7 – 11, 2011.
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Improving the maize productivity in India: Progress, challenges and opportunities
R. Sai Kumar DMR, INDIA
Status of Maize
Maize ranks as 3rd most important cereal in India
Maize area has slowly expanded over the past few years from 6.6 mha to 8.6 mha (2002-2011)
During the same period the productivity is also increasing gradually (1.6 t/ha to 2.6 t/ha)
Maize demand will continue to increase in view of increasing demand in poultry and livestock sectors in the country
Maize is a promising option for diversifying agriculture due to its resilience to changing climate
Utilization Pattern of Maize in India
INDIA Brewery 1 %
Starch 11 %
Food 24 %
Cattle Feed 11 %
Seed 1 %
Poultyr Feed 52 %
Growth Rate- Maize Vs other cereals (1995 to 2010)
0.71.2
4.7
-3.5
3.2
-0.3
0.2
2.4
-2.7
-0.4
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Rice Wheat Maize Sorghum Bajra
Gro
wth
Ra
te %
Area
Production
Adoption of Single Cross Hybrid Technology
The low yield during the one and half decades back was mainly due to the cultivation of OPV’s and F2 seed, where the farmers were unable to purchase the F1 seed
The increase in maize area during last one and a half decades could be due to assured realization of crop yields, low pest and disease incidence and an assured price to the farmers
The increase in production is due to the spread of the maize in non-traditional areas
The productivity increase can be ascertained due to cultivation of promising single cross hybrids under assured irrigation particularly during winter
The fluctuations and low production and productivity in certain years during last one decade was mainly due to drought and erratic rainfall where the crop suffered during flowering and post flowering stages
Factors for Increased Maize Production
7
2.6
Avg. Yield
(Mt/Ha)
Insect&
Disease
Protection SCH
Weed
Control
Drought
Tolerance
50-75%
? %
Developed
Countries
(Mt/Ha)
Integration of Irrigation, nutrient and post harvest
management practices to sustain the productivity
20%
5.00
9.0
Developing
Countries
(Mt/Ha)
Closing Gap Ideas
15%
China
USA
India
Technologies for Improving Productivity
Development of long, medium and short duration single cross hybrids
Development of high yielding QPM single cross hybrids
Development of super sweet corn (sh-2) single cross hybrids
Development of popcorn single cross hybrids with high popping quality
Development of single cross hybrids with high oil content (>6.0%)
Development of single cross baby corn hybrids
Strategies to Further Increase Maize Production and Productivity
Short Term Strategy
Facilitate immediate disposal of SCH to target environments
Screening of available elite germplasms for different traits
Testing in high density planting
Classifying male and female parents
Making cross combination
Developing Single Cross Hybrid suitable to particular region
Grouping them based on Extra early, Early, Medium and Late duration
Long Term Strategy Development of hybrid oriented germplasm
Long term screening for abiotic stress tolerant
germplasm
Developing Base materials which are tolerant to
stress like drought, water logging, temperature,
salinity
Grouping of Germplasm based on genetic potentials
Broadening Genetic Bases of source materials in long term vision
Identification of suitable material subject to particular location specific stress
Making cross combinations and production of ideal hybrids
Target sustainable production and productivity of maize
Biotechnological tools for Maize Improvements
Marker Aided Selection (MAS)
Screening for Disease resistance
Drought tolerance, High Yield
Conversion of normal maize to QPM, β Carotene
Transgenic technology
Pest and Disease resistance
Improved drought tolerance
Herbicide Tolerance
Low Phytase maize
Doubled Haploid Production through Haploid Inducers
Rapid production of inbred lines
High success rate of Induction
Development of Inbreds as vigor as Hybrids
Potential for Crop Diversification
Andhra Pradesh Winter Rice
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Cotton, Rice
Sorghum, Cotton
Targeting the Non-traditional Areas
Expanding area under SCH in
Eastern, North Eastern states.
Result demonstration of SCH
in tradition land race growing
areas of Jammu and Kashmir
region
High productivity of SCH Maize
during Rabi season (9-10t/ha)
Potential for further enhance of
Maize
Dissemination of quality SCH
seeds through PPP mode is a
strong link for increasing the
maize production
New Conservation Practices
Maize on Permanent Beds after Wheat Zero till Maize after Rice
Higher yield and profit
15 to 20 % low Cost
Save fuel and water
Improve soil health
Resource Conservation Technology (RCT)
Promotion of Mechanization
Andhra Pradesh & West Bengal farmers get benefited in different ways:
1. Exposure to modern agronomic practices
2. It imparts safety consciousness to seed farmers
3. Agriculture is weaned away from traditional to streamlined enterprise
4. Guaranteed buy back of produce by seed companies
5. Ancillary enterprise development like transport operators, godown and container facility services etc
6. Good infrastructure development like road, transportation, power availability etc
7. Employment Opportunity
8. Improve social facilities like school, Hospitals etc
Seed Village Concept
Eastern India: West Bengal-Midnapur, KrishnaNagar; Bihar-Muzafurpur, Begusarai
Western India: Gujarat-Himatnagar; Rajasthan- Udaipur
Central India: Madhya Pradesh-Chindwada, Indore, Ratlam ; Maharashtra-Aurangabad, Ahmednagar
Southern India: Karnataka-Bellary, Raichur, Shimoga; TN-Salem; AP-Guntur
Northern India: Punjab-Haryana-Eastern UP in Rabi, Uttarakhand in spring
Alternate Sites for SCH Seed Production
Production and Distribution of Quality Seeds
Area under SCH is keep on Increasing, there is a need to produce quality seeds of SCH
Involvement of KVKs for Parental Seed Production by Imparting training to KVKs for SCH seed Production
Public Private Partnership(PPP) - Public sector hybrids are easily disseminated by entering Memorandum Of Understanding(MOU) with Private seed industries
Example:
Green Gold Seed Ltd. of Aurangabad signed MoU with CCS HAU for seed production of HQPM 1 and HM 4
Vikky Agro. Tech., Sampurna Seeds & AB Seeds Ltd, Hyderabad entered MoU with ANGRAU for seed production and marketing of DHM 117
India is 3rd largest egg producer and 5th largest poultry
meat producer in the world
Maize accounts for most of the energy in the feed and
poultry feed provides the link between maize and
poultry sectors
8-10mt of maize is required for poultry feed every year
and it is over 50% of total annual production
Poultry industry have buy back mechanism with
maize farmers
Maize farmers have assured market and reasonably
reliable income
Poultry industry is more concentrated in Peninsular
India and employs about two million people
Private sector controls roughly 80% of total poultry
production in the country
Maize in Poultry Industries
Promotion of Quality Protein Maize
Solution to Food
&
Nutritional Security
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
QPM Normal maize Wheat Rice
Bio
log
ical v
alu
e (
%)
Cereals
Biological value of different cereals
Low cost quality protein compared to milk
Meet the energy and protein needs of infants and children
Improve growth rates in young children
Protein requirements of adults
Prevent and cure protein deficiency diseases, Kwashierkor, in young children
Impact of QPM on Human Being
Impact of QPM on Poultry and Piggery
• Gains in body weight • Feed efficiency Improved • Low cost feed • Less feed required
QPM -- 3.5 : 1 Normal -- 8.2 : 1
Piglets grew 3.5 times faster on opaque-2 than on normal maize
Piggery Poultry
High yielding hybrids of specialty corn increase output and thereby Income levels
Increased income levels provide economic surplus for increased standard of living
Economic sufficiency paves the way for appreciating and implementing newer farm technologies/ agronomic practices hereby starting a profitable corn cropping trend
This trend has a multiplicative effect in that other neighboring farmers too follow suit
All in all it ends up in a win-win situation for farmers and seed industry
Role of maize in furthering farmer’s livelihood
Specialty Corn – for Livelihood Security
Grown round the year
Check rural-urban migration
Employment generation-work to every hand
More income in shortest possible time
Quality fodder for livestock promotion
No additional land for green fodder
Export potential due to Low cost Production
Value addition & intercropping - increase profitability
Prospects & Potential of Baby corn
20 high value crops
Pea, Potato, Colecrops, Fenugreek, Coriander, Beetroot, Spinach, Gladiolus etc. intercropped with BC.
Rs6750-78750/ha Additional income
Recommended Fertilizer of both the crops
Maize yield was not affected
Maize Intercropping-System
Maize + Pigeon Pea Maize + Cotton
Maize + Radish Maize + Cauliflower
Profitability (Rs/ha)
BC + Pea
BC + Potato
BC + Knolkhol
BC + Radish
BC + Fenugreek
BC Sole
Profitability of Baby Corn Intercropping Systems
Potential for Increasing the Profitability of Peri Urban Agriculture
SWEET CORN & POP CORN
Internal and External Consumptions
High Profitability
Transfer of Technology Imparting trainings to KVKs for Parental Seed Production Training To Farmers for Single Cross Hybrids Seed Production Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) Result Demonstration of SCH in non traditional areas like J&K, Tribal belts of Gujarat, MP,CG Adoption of Model Villages e.g. Baby corn Village of Atterna, Haryana Promotion of Value added Products of QPM Promotion of Sweet corn, Pop corn cultivation for high income Development of Community Village for Seed marketing and Buy back arrangements
For marketing and Procurement of maize seed
Generation of income by procuring maize
Ensuring minimum support price
The women got kudos from the World Bank for their
bold endeavor in agri-marketing
Procured 8.62 lakh Quintal (Rs 46.5 crores) through
90 Procurement centre in Three months
Earned Rs 45 Lakhs Commission by selling maize to
Andhra Pradesh Market Federation in Telangana
Region (Deccan Chronicle, dt: 13-3-06)
Creation of Self Help Groups (SHG’s)
Success Story of Women Self Help Group (SHG)
(Deccan Chronicle, dt: 13-3-06)
Legacy of New Single Cross Hybrid – Late Maturity
PMH 1
Medium Maturity Single Cross Hybrid
HM 9
Single Cross Hybrids - Quality Protein Maize
HQPM 5 HQPM 1
HQPM 7
To realize genetic potential yield of maize the single cross
hybrid technology is the solution
It is an appropriate technology for sustainable agriculture
and deserves to be promoted on large scale by both public
and private sector
Identification of productive seed parent as female to
minimize cost of seed production
Identification of suitable male parent with dense tassel with
longevity of pollen shedding
Development of stress tolerant germplsam
Early maturing single cross hybrids for drought/ excess water
Conclusion
Seed technology research for new products
Agronomic packages for rain fed situations
Strengthen research on hybrid technology for unfavorable
environments
More emphasis for seed production under marginal areas
Total yield increased resulting from genetic and non genetic
causes