Protein Synthesis

By Sammy Gigliotti

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

Protein Synthesis takes place inside of the DNA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

AT

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

AU

GU

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

AUGU

GG

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

A

UG

UG

G

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

UG

UG

GCAA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

UGU

U GU

GU

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

UGU

U GU

GUGUGA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

U UU G

UGUGUGA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

UGUGUGA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

GUGA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T A C A G G C A A C A C A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A T G T C C G T T G T G T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA polymerase binds on to the DNA double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides.

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand leaving the nucleus.

Nuclear pore

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand leaving the nucleus.

Nuclear pore

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand leaving the nucleus.

Nuclear pore

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand leaving the nucleus.

Nuclear pore

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand leaving the nucleus.

Nuclear pore

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand enters the cytoplasm and heads towards the ribosomes

Nuclear pore

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand enters the cytoplasm and heads towards the ribosomes

Nuclear pore

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

mRNA strand enters the cytoplasm and heads towards the ribosomes

Nuclear pore

Ribosomes

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA. The polypeptide chain is forming.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA. The polypeptide chain is forming.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA. The polypeptide chain is forming.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA. The polypeptide chain is forming.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA. The polypeptide chain is forming.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Large and small subunits of a ribosome binding with mRNA. The polypeptide chain is forming.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

The ribosome stops translation when it reaches the stop codon.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

The ribosome stops translation when it reaches the stop codon.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

The amino acid strand folds into a tertiary structure.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

The amino acid strand folds into a tertiary structure.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

The amino acid strand folds into a tertiary structure.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

The amino acid strand is made into a protein.

Large Subunit

Smal

l Sub

unit

Ribosome

A U G G U U U A A A G C U A A

Summary

• A summary of protein synthesis is the information on DNA is copied onto an mRNA strand, which then leaves the nucleus and goes into a ribosome. Then, in the ribosome, a tRNA molecule brings an amino acid that is coded for by codons on the mRNA. Amino acids are bonded together as the mRNA moves through the ribosome. Amino acids joined together make a protein, which is why it is called protein synthesis.