All in One PPT About

Science

List of Different Branches of Science

Branch Concerning FieldAerodynamics The study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces createdAeronautics Science of fligt of airplanes.Agronomy Science dealing with crop plant.Anatomy The study of the structure and organization of living thingsAngiology Deals with the study of blood vascular system.Anthology Study of flower.Anthropology The study of human cultures both past and present. Study of apes and man.Apiculture Honey industries (Bee Keeping).Araneology Study of spiders.Archaeology The study of the material remains of culturesAstronomy The study of celestial objects in the universe. Study of heavenly bodies.Astrophysics The study of the physics of the universeBacteriology The study of bacteria in relation to diseaseBatracology Study of frogs.

BiochemistryThe study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms

Biology The science that studies living organisms

BiophysicsThe application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology

BiotechnologyDeals with the use of micro-organisms in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs; vaccines; hormones,etc. on a large scale.

Botany The scientific study of plant lifeCardiology Study of heart.Chemical Engineering

The application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms

Chemistry The science of matter and its interactions with energy and itselfClimatology The study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causesComputer Science The systematic study of computing systems and computationCraniology Study of skulls.Cryogenics Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature.Cryptography Study of secret writing.Cytology Study of cells.Dermatology Study of skin.Ecology The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environmentElectronics Science and technology of electronic phenomenaEngineering The practical application of science to commerce or industryEntomology The study of insectsEnvironmental Science

The science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment

Etiology Study of cause of insects.

EugenicsStudy of improvment of human race by applying laws of heredity. it is related with future generations.

Evolution Deals with the study of origin of new from old.Exbiology Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth.Floriculture Study of flower yeilding plants.

ForestryThe science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources

Genetics The science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organismsGeology The Study of science of the earth, its structure, and historyGerontology study of growing old.

Gynaecology Study of female reproductive organs.Haematology Study of blood.Hepatology Study of liver.Horticulture Study of garden cultivation.Iconography Teachings by pictures and models.Immunology Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection.Jurisprudence Science of law.Kalology Study of human beauty.Lexicography Compiling of dictionary.Marine Biology The study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystemsMathematics A science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangementMedicine The science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating diseaseMeteorology Study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecastingMicrobiology The study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes

MineralogyThe study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals

Molecular Biology The study of biology at a molecular levelMycology Study of fungi.Myology Study of muscles.Nephrology Study of kidneys.Neurology The branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disordersNuclear Physics The branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atomNumismatics Study of coins and medals.Obstetrics Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy.

OceanographyStudy of the earth’s oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes

Omithology Study of birds.Oneirology Study of dreams.Ophthalmology Study of eyes .

Organic ChemistryThe branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds

Ornithology The study of birdsOsteology Study of bones.Paleontology The study of life-forms existing in former geological time periodsPathology Study of disease causing organisms.Pedology Stydy of soils.Petrology The geological and chemical study of rocksPhilately Stamp collecting.Philology Study of languages.Phonetics Concerning the sounds of a language.Phycology Study of algae.Physics The study of the behavior and properties of matterPhysiography Natural phenomenon.

PhysiologyThe study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms

Pisciculture Study of fish.Pomology Study of fruits.Psychology Study of the mind and behaviour

RadiologyThe branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes

Seismology The study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the earthSericulture Silk industry(culture of silk moth and pupa).Serpentology Study of snakes.

Taxonomy The science of classification of animals and plants

TelepathyCommunication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thoughts and feelings.

Thermodynamics The physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processesToxicology The study of poisons and the effects of posisoningVirology Study of virus.Zoology The study of animals

Discovery of Scientific Laws and Theories

1. Atomic Theory-John Dalton2. Dynamic Theory of Heat-Kelvin Quantum Theory-Max von Planck3. First Formal Statement of Geometrical Principles-Euclid4. General and Special Theories of Relativity-Albert Einstein5. Law of Attraction and Revision of Electrical Charges-C.A. Coulomb6. Law of Conservation of Energy- Joule7. Law of Diffusion-Fink8. Law of Electrical Resistance or Ohm’s Law-G S. Ohm9. Law of Falling Bodies-Galileo Law of Multiple Proportion- Dalton10. Law of Natural Selection- Darwin11. Law of Practical Calculation of Alternating Current-Steidmetz12. Law of Specific Gravity- Archimedes13. Law of Universal Gravitation-Newton14. Laws of Electrolysis-Michael Faraday15. Laws of Motion-Newton16. Laws of Refraction of Light- Snell17. Molecular Hypothesis- Avogadro18. Motion-Laws of Planetary- Kepler19. Radioactivity-A. Becquerel20. Theory of Displacement of Water or Laws of floatation-Archimedes21. Uranium-Fission Theory-Hahn

Medical Discoveries and Inventions

1. Antiseptic surgery-Lord Joseph Lister-18672. Anti-polio vaccine -Dr. Jonas E. Salk (U.S.A.)-19553. Ayurveda-Atreya (India) -2000-1000 B.C.4. Ashtanga Hridaya- vagaba’ta (India)-C-550 A.D.5. Anatomia-Mondino (Italy)- 13166. Aspirin-Dreser (Germany)-18897. Anti-toxin (science of immunity)-Bearing & Kitasato(Germany, Japan)-l 8908. Adrenaline-Schafer and Oliver (Britain) -18949. Aureomycin-Duggar (U.S.A.) -194810. Bacteria-Leuwenhoek-168311. Blood circulation and functioning of heart Harvey- 162812. Blood Transfusion-Jean-Baptiste Denys (France)-162513. Biochemistry-Jan Baptista Van Helmont (Be1gium)-164814. Bacteriology-Ferdinand Cohn (Germany)-187215. Chloroform-sir James Harrison and Sir James Young Simpson-l 84716. Cholera Bacillus-Robert Koch- 157717. Cause of beriberi-Eijlkman-l 89718. Cause of yellow fever-Reed- 190019. Chemotherapy-Paracelsus (Switzerland) 1483-154120. Cardiac Pacemaker-A.s. Hyman (U.S.A.)-1932

21. Chloromycetin-Burkholder (U.S.A.)-194722. Cryo-surgery-) Henry Swan (U.S.A.)-195323. D.D.T.- Dr’. Paul Mu11er-193924. Dysentry and plague bacilli- Kitazato25. Diphtheria germs-Klebs & lofter (Germany)-1883-8426. Embryology-Karl Ernest-van Bear (Estonia) 1792-189627. Fndocrinology-Bayliss &Starling (Britain)-190228. Electro-Cardiograph-Willem Einthoven (Netherland) -190329. Electro-encephalogram-Hans Berger (Germany)-192930. Germ theory, hydrophobia anti- toxin-Louis Pasteur-188231. Human heart transplantoperation (First) Dr. Christiaan Barnard)-196732. Homeopathy-Hahnemann33. Histology-Marie Bichat (France)-1771-180234. Hypodermic Syringe-Alexander Wood (Britain) -185335. Insulin-F. Banting-193236. Kala-azar fever-U.M. Brahmachari37. Kidney Machine-Kolf (Netherland) -194438. Leprosy Bacillus-Hansen(Norway)- 187339. L S D (Lysergic aciddiethylamide)-Hoffman (Switzerland)-194340. Malaria Parasites-Dr. Ronald Ross41. Morphine-Friderich Sertumer (Ge1many)-180542. Neurology-Franz Joseph Gall (Germany)-1758-182843. Open Heart Surgery-Walton Lillehel (U.S.A.)-195344. Penicillin-sir Alexander Fleming and Florey-192945. Physiology-Albrecht Von Haller (Switzerland) -1757-6646. Psycho-Analysis-Sigmund Freud (Austria)-189547. Rabies Vaccine-Louis Pasteur (France)-186048. Rh-factor-Karl Landsteiner (U.S.A.)-194049. Reserpine-Jal Vakil (India)-194950. Syphilis cure-.Paul Ehrlich-191051. Stethoscope-Laennec-181652. Sulpha drugs- G. Domagk53. Sidhayoga- vrdukunta (India) -C-75054. Serology-Paul Ehrlich (Germany)-1884- 191555. Sex-hormones-Eugen Steinach (Austria)-191056. Synthetic Antigens-Land Steiner (U.S.A.)-191757. Streptomycin-Hoffman (Switzerland)- 194458. Tubercle bacilli-Robert Koch- 181259. Typhoid bacilli–Eberth-188060. Typhus-vaccine-J.Nicolle (France)-190961. Thyroxin-Edward Calvin Kendall (U.S.A.)-191962. Terramycin-Finley & Others (U.S.A.)-195063. Ultra-violet rays- Finsen (die- covered curative effects)64. Vaccination (Small pox) Edward Jenner-179665. Virology-lvanovski & Bajernick (U.S.S.R., Netherland)-189266. Vitamin C-Froelich 1401st (Norway)-191967. Vitamin B1-Edward Calvin Kendall (U.S.A.)-193668. Western Scientific Therapy- Hippocrates (Greece)-460 – 370 B.C.69. Yoga- Patanjali (lndia)-200-l00 B.C.

Important Facts Regarding Botany

Facts Example and detailsLargest angiosperm tree EucalyptusLongest tree in the world Sequoia giganteum. This is a gymnosperm its height is 120 meter.

This is also called coast Red Wood of CaliforniaSmallest (in space) angiosperm plant Lemna. This is aquatic angiosperm which is found in west Bengal in

India too.Plant with largest leaf Victoria Regia. This is aquatic plant which is found is west Bengal

in India.Largest fruit Lodoicea this is also called double coconut this found in Kerala in

India.Smallest Pteridophyta Azolla. This is an aquatic plant.Smallest seed Orchid.Smallest flower Wolfia. Its diameter is 0.1 millimetre.Largest flower Reflesia arnoldii. Its diameter is 1 meter and its weight can be 8

kilograms.Smallest angiosperm parasite Arceuthobium. This is a di-seed wall which is a parasite on the

stems of gymnosperms.Largest male couplet Cycas. This is a gymnosperm plant.Largest seed-egg Cycas.Alive morph Cycas.Smallest chromosomes In algae.Longest chromosomes In TrilliumThe plant with the largest Number of chromosomes

Ophioglossum (Fern). There are 1266 Chromosomes in its Diploid cell

Caffeine Pepaver somniferum morphin contains in it.The plant with the least number of chromosomes

Heplapapopus gracilis.

The smallest gymnosperm plant Zamia pygmea.The heaviest wooden plant Hardwichia binata.The lightest wooden plant Ochroma lagopus- balsa.The smallest cell Mycoplasma gallisepticum.Fruit like a tennis ball Kenth.Fire of the forest Dhak.Coffee giving plant Coffea Arabica. Caffin contains in it.Coco giving plant Theobroma cococa. Theobromin and caffeine contain in it.

Some important Explosive and Facts

Some important Explosive:

Dynamite – it was discovered Alfred Nobel in 1863. It is prepared by absorption of saw dust with Nitro-glycrine. In modern dynamite sodium Nitrate is used in place of Nitro-glycrine.

Tri- Nitro Toluene (TNT) Tri- Nitro Benzene (TNB) Tri- Nitro Phenol – it is also known as picric acid. R.D.X is highly explosive known as plastisizer in which Aluminium powder is mixed to

increase the temperature and the speed of fire.

Some important facts:

Age of fossile and archeological excavation is determined by radioactive carbon (C14). Diamond has maximum refractive index and due to total internal reflection. It has

luster. Chloroform in sunlight forms poisonous gas ‘Phosgene’ (COCI2). To decrease the basicity of soil gypsum is used. In the preparation of Telcom powder theo- phestal mineral is used. Potassium chloride is most suitable for the removal of permanent hardness of water. To avoid melting to ice gelatine is used. When dry ice is heated it is directly converted into gas.

Saccharine is prepared from toluene. Cream is type of milk in which amount of fat is increased while amount of water

decrease. From one kg of honeybee 3500 calorie energy is produces. N2O is known as laughing gas. Bones contain about 58% calcium phosphate Phosphine gas is used in voyage as Holmes single. Chlorine gas beaches the colour of flower. Red phosphorus is used in match industry. Urea contains 46% nitrogen. In the electroplating of vessel NH4CI is used. Power alcohol is prepared from mixing pure alcohol in benzene which is used as

rocket fuel. Artificial perfumes are prepared form Ethyl acetate. Urea was the first organic compounded synthesised in lab. Vinegar contains 10% acetic acid. Acetylene is used for light production. Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding. Barium is responsible for green colour in fireworks. Cesium is used in solar cells. Yellow phosphorus is kept in water. Sea weeds contain iodine. During cooking maximum vitamin is lost. For the preparation of silver mirror, glucose is used. When cream is separated from milk , it’s density increases. For artifical respiration mixture of oxygen and helium gas cylinder is used. In cold places, to decrease the freezing point ethylene glycol is used. Hydrogen peroxide is used for oil paintings. Sodium is kept in kerosene oil. The heaviest element, least dense and most reductant is Iithium (Li). Flourine is the most oxidising agent. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. Radon is the heaviest gas. Polonium has the maximum number of isotopes. Sulphuric acid is known as oil of vitriol. Nobel metals- Ag, Au, Pt, Ir, Hg, Pd, Rh, Ru, and Os.

Important Terms of Biology

Anatomy- Study of internal structure of organism. Agrology – Soil science dealing specially with production of crop. Agronomy- Science of soil management and production of crop. Agrostology – Study if grass. Arthrology- Study of joins. Apiculture- rearing of honey bee for honey. Anthropology- Study of origin, development and relationship between the culture of

past and present human. Anthology – Study of flower and flowering plant. Angiology- Study of blood vascular system including arteries and veins. Andrology- Study of male reproductive organ. Bryology- Study of bryophytes. Biometrics – Statical study of biological problem. Biomedical engineering- Production and designing of spare part for man for

overcoming various defects in man .e.g. artificial limbs, Iron lung, Pacemaker etc. Biotechnology- Technology connected with living being for wilful manipulation on

molecular level. Bacteriology- Study of bacteria. Cytology- Study of cell.

Cryobiology – It is the study of effect of low temperature on organisms and their preservation.

Clone – Celones are genetically identical individuals in a population. Cardiology – Study of heart. Clone – Clones are genetically identical individuals in a population. Demography- Study of population. Diffusion- Random movement of molecule / ion or gases from a region of higher

concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion- Random movement of molecule / gas / ion from reign of higher

concentration to lower concentration. Dermatology – Study of skin. Dendrochronology- Counting and analyzing annual growth rings of tree to know its

age. Ecology – Study of inter- relationship between living and their environment. Evolution- Study of origin of life, variation and formation of new species. Embryology- It is the study of fertilization and development if zygote. Eugenics – Study of factors connected with the improvement of race. Euthenics – Treatment of defective in heredity through genetics engineering. Ethnology – Study of science dealing with different races of human. Ethology – Study of animal behavior. Etiology – Study of life cycle of pathogen. Entomology- Study of insects. Exobiology- Study of possibility of life in space. Floriculture- Cultivation of plant for their flower. Food technology-Scientific processing, preservation, Storage and transportation of

food. Forensic science – Application of science for identification of various facts civilian. Fishery- catching, breeding, rearing and marketing of fishes. Forestry- Development and management of forest. Fermentation- process of incomplete oxidation that occur in microbes and other cells

in absence of oxygen, leading to the for nation of ethyl alcohol. Genetics- Study of variation and transmission of characters from parents to their

young ones. Growth – Permanent increase in the weight and volume or size of an organism. Gynecology- Study of female reproductive organ. Gerontology-Study of ageing. Gastroenterology- Study of alimentary canal or stomach, intestine and their disease. Hypertonic- when two solution have differcut sdute concentration. The sol at ion

which have higher concentration is called hypertonic. Hypotonic- in two solation which have lawer solute con centration is called hypotonic. Home thermic- Animals who have a constant body temperature are called home

thermo cot warmblooded animal. Histology- Study of tissue with the help of microscope. Hygiene- Science taking care of health. Hydroponics- Study of growing plant without soil in water which contain nutrient. Haematology- Study of blood Hepatology- Study of liver. Lchthyology- Study of fishes. Lmmunology- Study of immunity or resistance of body to disease. Kalology- Study of human beauty. Metazoans- All multicellular animals are called metazoans. Monoecious- Plant which have both male and female flower. Morphology – Study of external structure. Microbiology- Study of Micro- Organism like virus bacteria algae fungi and protozoa. Molecualr biology- Study of molecule found in the body of living organism. Medicine- Study of treating disease by drug. Mammography – Brach of science which deal test of breast cancer. Mycology – Study of fungi. Nutrients- Chemical substance taken as food which are necessary for various faction,

growth and heath of living.

Neurology – Study of nervous system. Neonatology- Study of new born. Nephrology- Study if kidneys. Osmosis- movement of water moledcule across semipermeable membrane from the

region of its higher concentration to the region of lower communication. Odontology- Study of teeth and gum. Osteology- Study of bones. Oncology- Study of cancer and tumours. Obstetrics- Science connected with care of pregnant woman before, during and after

child birth. Ornithology- Study of birds. Ophthalmology- Study of eyes. Orthopaedics- Diagnosis and repair of disorders of locomotery system. Phytoplanlktons- Microscopic organism which passively float on the surface of water. Parasite- organism which depend on other living for their food and shelter. Poikilothermic- Organism which change their body temperature according to

surrounding. These are also called cold blooded animal. Pigment- A Substance which absorb light of certain wavelength like chlorophyll

formed in green leaves. Paleontology- Study of function of various system of organism. Pathology- Study of diseases, effects, causable agents and transmission of pathogens. Pomology- Study of fruit and fruit yielding plant. Psychiatry- Treatment of mental disease. Psychology- Study of human mind and behavior. Pisciculture- rearing of fishes. Phycology- Study of algae. Paediatrics- Branch of medicine dealing with children. Parasitology- Study of parasites. Photobiology- Effect of light on various biological processes. Phylogeny – Evolutionary history of organism. Physiotherapy- Treatment of body defects through massage and exercise. Radiology- Science dealing with the effect of radiation on living beings. Rhinology – Study of nose and olfactory organs. Sonography- Study of ultrasound imaging. Saurology- Study of lizards. Serology- Study of serum, interaction of antigen and antibodies in the blood. Sphygmology – Study of pulse and arterial pressure. Taxonomy- Study of classification, nomenclature and identification of organism. Telepathy- Communication of thoughts or ideas from one mind to another without

normal use of senses. In other word this is the process of menta contact. Veterinary Science – Science of health care and treatment of animals.

Great Inventions by Great Inventors (Scientists)

Invention Inventor Country YearAdding Machine Pascal France 1642

Aeroplane Wright brothers USA 1903Balloon Jacques and Joseph  Montgolfier France 1783

Ball –Point pen C. Biro Hungary 1938Barometer E. Torricelli Italy 1644

Bicycle K. Macmillan Scotland 1839Bicycle Tyre J.B. Dunlop Scotland 1888

Calculating Machine Pascal France 1642Centrigrade Scale A.Celsius France 1742Cinematograph Thomas Alva Edison USA 1891

Computer Charles Babbage Britain 1834

Cine Camera Friese-Greene Britain 1889Cinema A.L. and J.L. Lumiere France 1895

Clock (Machanical) Hsing and Ling –Tsan China 1725Clock (Pendulum) C. Hugyens Netherlands 1657

Diesel engine Rudolf diesel Germany 1892Dynamite Alfred Nobel Sweden 1867Dynamo Michael Faraday England 1831

Electric Iron H.W. Seeley USA 1882Electric lamp Thomas Alva Edison USA 1879Electromagnet W. sturgeon England 1824

Evolution (theory) Charles Darwin England 1858Film (with sound) Dr. Lee de forest USA 1923

Fountain Pen LE. Waterman USA 1884Gas Lighting William Murdoch Scotland 1794Gramophone T.A . Edison USA 1878

Jet Engine Sir Frank whittle England 1937Lift E.G. Otis USA 1852

Locomotive Richard Trevithick England 1804Machine Gun Richard Gatling USA 1861

Match (Safety) J.E. Lurdstrom Sweden 1855Microphone David Hughes USA 1878Microscope Z. Jansen Netherlands 1590

Motor Car (Petrol) Karl –Benz Germany 1885Motorcycle Edward Butler England 1884

Neon -Lump G. Claude France 1915Nylon Dr W.H. Carothers USA 1937

Photography (Paper) W.H. Fox Tablot England 1835Printing Press J. Gutenberg Germany 1455

Rader Dr A.H. Taylor and L.C. young USA 1922Radium Marie and Pierre Curie France 1898Radio G. Marconi England 1901Rayon American viscose Co. USA 1910

Razor (Safety) K.G. Gillette USA 1895Razor (electric) Col. J. Schick USA 1931

Refrigerator J . Harrison and A. Catlin Britain 1834Revolver Samuel Colt USA 1835

Rubber (Vulcanized) Charles Good year USA 1841Rubber (Waterproof) Charles Macintosh Scotland 1819

Safety Lamp Sir Humphrey England 1816Safety pin William Hurst USA 1849

Sewing Machine B. Thimmonnier France 1830Scooter G. Bradshaw England 1919

Ship ( Steam) J.C. Perier France 1775Ship ( turbine) Sir Charles parsons Britain 1894

Shorthand (Modem) Sir Issac Pitman Britain 1837Spinning jenny James Hargreaves England 1764

Steam engine (Piston) Thomas Newcome Britain 1712Steam engine ( Condenser) James Watt Scotland 1765

Steel production Henry Bessemer England 1855Stainless steel Harry Brearley England 1913

Tank Sir Ernest Swington England 1914Telegraph code Samuel F.B. Morse USA 1837

Telephone Alexander Graham Bell USA 1876Telescope Hans Lippershey Netherlands 1608Television John logie bared Scotland 1926Terylene j. Whinfield and H. Dickson England 1941

Thermometer Galileo Galilei Italy 1593Tractor j. Froelich USA 1892

Transistor Bardeen, Shockley USA & UK 1949Typewriter C. Sholes USA 1868

Valve of radio Sir J.A. ‘fleming Britain 1904Watch A.L.  Breguet France 1791X-ray Wilhelm Roentgen Germany 1895

Zip fastener W.L. Judson USA 1891

Scientific Instruments and their uses

Instruments Use of Scientific InstrumentAltimeter Measures altitudes (Used in aircraft)Ammeter Measures strength of electric current

Anemometer Measures force and velocity or wind and directionsAudiometer Measures intensity of soundBarograph Continuous recording of atmospheric pressureBarometer Measures atmospheric pressureBinoculars To view distant objectsBolometer To measure heat radiationCallipers Measure inner and outer diameters of bodies

Calorimeter Measures quantities of heatCardiogram(ECG) Traces movements of the heart ; recorded on a Cardiograph

Cathetometer Determines heights, measurement of levels, etc, in scientific experimentsChronometer Determines longitude of a vessel at seaColorimeter Compares intensity of coloursCommutator To change / reverse the direction of electric current; Also used to convert AC into DCCryometer A Type of thermometer used to measure very low temperatures, usually close to 0`CCyclotron A Charged particle accelerator which can accelerate charged particles to high energies

Dilatometer Measures changed in volume of substancesDyanamo To Covert mechanical energy into electrical energy

Dynamometer Measure electrical powerElectronecephalo Records and interprets the electrical waves of the

Graph(EEC) Brain (brain waves ) recorded on electroence phalogramsElectrometer Measures very small but potential difference in electric currentsElectroscope Detects presence of an electric Charge

EletromicroscopeTo obtain a magnifying view of very small objects capable of magnifying up to 20,000 times

Endoscope To examine internal parts of the bodyFathometer Measures depth of the fluxFluxmeter Measures magnetic flux

Galvanometer Measures electric currentHydrometer Measures the relative density of liquidsHygrometer Measure level of humidityHydrophone Measure sound under waterHygroscope Shows the changes in atmospheric humidityHypsometer To determine boiling point of liquids

Hymograph Graphically records physiological movement. (e.g.…..,blood pressure/heartbeat)Lactometer Measures the relative density of milk to determine purityMachmeter Determines the speed of an aircraft in terms if the speed of soundManometer Compares magnetic movement and fieldsManometer Measures the pressure of gasesMicrometer Coverts sound waves into electrical vibrationsMicrophone Measure distances /anglesMicroscope To obtain a magnified view of small objects

Nephetometer Measures the scattering of light by particles suspended in a liquidOhmmeter To measures electrical resistance in objectsOndometer Measures the frequency if electromagnetic waves, especially in the radio-frequency bandPeriscope To view objects above sea level (Used in submarines)

Photometer Compares the luminous intensity of the source of light

PolygraphInstrument that simultaneously records changed in physiological processes such as heartbeat, blood pressure the respiration used a lie detector

Pyknometer Determines the density and coefficient of expansion of liquidsPyrometer Measures very high temperatureQuadrant Measures altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy

RadarTo detect the direction and ranges of an approaching aeroplane by means of radiowaves, ( Radio, Angle ,Detection and Range )

Radio Micrometer Measures heat radiationRefractometer Measures salinity of solutions

SextantUsed by navigators to find the latitude of place by measuring the elevation above the horizon of the sun or another star; also used to measure the height of very distant objects

SpectrometerSpectroscope equipped with calibrated scale to measure the position of spectral lines (Measure of Refractive indices)

Spherometer Measures curvature of spherical objects

TachometerTo determine speed, especially the rotational speed of a shaft (Used in aeroplanes and motor-boats)

Tangent galvanometer

Measure the strength of direct current

Telemeter Records physical happenings at a distant placeTelwprinter Receives and sends typed messages from one place to anotherTelescope To view distant objects in space

Thermometer Measure TemperatureThermostat Regulates temperature at a particular pointTonometer To measure the pitch of a sound

Transponder To receive a signal and transmit a reply immediatelyUdometer Rain gauge

UltrasonoscopeTo measure and use ultrasonic sound (beyond hearing use to make a Ecogram to detect brain tumours, heart defects and abnormal growth

Venturimeter To measure the rate of flow of liquidsVernier Measures Small sub-division of scale

Viscometer Measures the viscosity of liquidVoltmeter To measure electric potential difference between two pointsWattmeter To measure the power of an electric circuitWavemeter To measure the wavelength of a radiowave

Conversion of Units from one system to another System

1 Inch 2.54 centimeter 1 grain 64.8 Miligram1 Feet 0.3 meter 1 dram 1.77 gm

1 Yard 0.91 meter 1 ounce 28.35 Kilogram1 Mile 1.60 kilometer 1 pound 0.4537 Kilogram1 Fathom 1.8 meter 1 dyne 10-5  Newton1 Chain 20.11 meter 1 Poundal 0.1383 Newton1 Nautical mile 1.85 meter 1 erg 10-7 Joule1 Angstrom 10-10 meter 1 horse power 747 Watt1 Square inch 6.45 sq. centimeter 1 fathom 6 feet1 Square feet 0.09 square meter 1 mile 8 furlong1 Square yard 0.83square meter 1 mile 5280 feet1 Acre 104  sq. meter 1 nautical mile 6080 feet1 Square mile 2.58 sq.kilometer 1 feet 12 inch1 Cubic inch 16.38 cubic centimeter 1 yard 3 feet1 Cubic feet 0.028 cubic meter 370  Centigrade 98.60  Fahrenheit1 Cubic yard 0.7quebec meter 500 Centigrade 122 Fahrenheit1 Litre 1000cubic centimeter -400  Fahrenheit -400  Centigrade1 Pint 0.56 litre 320  Fahrenheit 00 Centigrade

S.I Units of Physical Quantity

Quantity SI SymbolLength Meter MMass Kilogram KgTime Second SWork and Energy Joule JElectric Current Ampere ATemperature Kelvin KIntensity of flame Candela CdAngle Radian RadSolid angle Steredian SrForce Newton NArea Square meter M2Volume Cubic meter M3Speed Meter per second Ms-1Angle Velocity Radian per second Rad s-1Frequency Hertz HzMoment of inertia Kilogram square meter Kgm2Momentum Kilogram meter per second Kg ms-1Impulse Newton second NsAngular Momentum Kilogram square meter per second Kgm2s-1Pressure Pascal PaPower Watt WSurface tension Newton per meter Nm-1Viscosity Newton second per square m. N.s.M-2Thermal Conductivity Watt per meter per degree celcius Wm-1c-1Specific Heat capacity Joule per kilogram per Kelvin Jkg-1K-1Electric charge Coulomb CPotential Difference Volt VElectric Resistance Ohm OElectrical Capacity Farad FMagnetic Induction Henry HMagnetic Flux Weber Wb

Or photometric power Lumen LmIntensity of illumination

Lux Lx

Wave length Angstrom A0Astronomical distance Light year ly

Important Discoveries in Physics by Famous Scientist in Year

Discovery Scientist YearElectron J.J.Thomson 1897Proton Rutherford 1919

Neutron James Dalton 1932Atom John Dalton 1808

Atomic Structure Neil Bohr &Rutherford 1913Laws of Motion Newton 1687

Radioactivity Henry Becquerel 1896Radium Madam Curie 1898

Principle of Relativity Albert Einstein 1905Electromagnetic Induction Michael Faraday 1831

Raman Effect C.V. Raman 1928X-Rays Roentgen 1895

Quantum theory Max Plank 1900Photo electric effect Albert Einstein 1905

Law of Electrostatic attraction Coulomb 1779Photography (On metal) J. Neepse 1826Photography (On Paper) W. Fox Talbot 1835

Periodic table Mandeleev 1888Law of Electric resistance G.S, Ohm 1827

Law of floatation Archemedes 1827Thermionic emission Edition ——–

Diode Bulb Sir J.S. Fleming 1904Triode Bulb Lee de Forest 1906

Nuclear Reactor Anrico Fermi 1942Law of electrolytic dissociation Faraday ———

Wireless Telegram Marconi 1901Dynamite Alfred Nobel 1867