SOIL AND ROCK FOR GEOSCIENTIST AND ENGINEERS.

GEOSCIENTIST.

GeologistUnconsolidated mass of newly formed mineral, relict mineral, organic matter, organism, and water that form in place.

SOIL

Soil scientist. that support living thing.

Soil

ROCK

Sedimentary rocks.Formed when other material deposit and follow by compaction and cementation.

Geologist.

Rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals.

Metamorphic rocks.Formed when igneous and sedimentary go through different temperature and pressure.

Igneous rocks.

Formed when molten magma cools.

ENGINEERS.

Volume and weight relation.

Specific gravity (density material/ density of pure water)

Porosity ( n= = (Vv/Vt)x100 )

Void ratio (e = Vv/Vs )

Water content (W=(Ww/Ws)x100 )

Degree of saturation (saturated and unsaturated )

Any material (rock, air and water) or mineral that has low strength

Description

Particle size.

Coarse grain (sand and gravel ). fine grain ( silt and clay ). highly organic soil.

Cohesive.

Sticky when wet or dry.Reclaim area.

Non cohesive.

Sticky only when wetted.

SOIL

Deformation of soil

Atterberg limit.

Change of water content due to stress applied.

Parameter - liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), shrinkage limit (SL).

Plasticity index, (LL-PL), indicate how much water can absorb by soil particle.

High PI, tend be clay while low tend be silts.

Soil consistency.

Deformation behavior control by amount of water.

Compressibility.

Volume change when under load.

Properties of soil.Will determined the suitability of soil

and the usage.

Consolidation (static load).

total consolidation (max vertical displacement ) and natural consolidation.

Compaction ( change mechanically).

Shear strength.

Resistance of soil to slide.

Measurement direct shear and trixial tasting.

Intact rock

Clean rock.

Deformation.

static elastic moduli (young modules and poisson’s ratio).

Dynamic elastic moduli (young and shear modulus, poisson’s ratio).

Strength.

stress applied fail (strongest rock).Test Stress strength and tensile strength.

Index test.

Point load test.Schmidt rebound hammer.Durability test.

Chemical weathering.

Hydrolysis.Oxidation.Acidification.

ROCK

Rock mass.

Has discontinuity.

Deformation.

Strength of deformation is important.

Modulus :

• Sum of deformation that occur with closure of joint under compression.

Occur with continues stress after closure.

Insitu test.

Discontinuity.

Characteristic: Orientation spacing Continuity Surface Separation filling of joint.

Shear strength (insitu &lab test).

Weathering.

Rock mass quality (RMQ)

Easy than deformation

Influence by: Intact rock strength. Orientation. Frequency of discontinuity. Chemical weathering.

MethodDirect:

RQD ( rock quality designation ) Provide quantitative estimate of

rock mass quality from drill core logs.

RSR (rock structure rating). Describe quality of rock.

Indirect: Seismic velocity.

Modulus elastic & dynamic elastic.

Insitu stress measurement:

Overcoring method. Bonded strain gauge. Borehole deformation

gauge. Photoelastic method.

-The End-

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