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Source Citation and
Credibility
Alyssa Meyer
Tian Shan Policy Center
Visiting Research Fellow
11/2/2015
What We Will Cover
When do you need to cite a source?
How do you cite a source?
How do you decide which sources are
legitimate?
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What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using another
person’s words, expressions,
language, or ideas without
giving proper credit.
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Common Concerns
When might you unintentionallyplagiarize?
Paraphrasing incorrectly
Citing incorrectly
Omitting a citation
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Example Paraphrasing Original passage:
“Long-term memory, that immensely complex storehouse, has also been most extensively studied with the use of verbal materials, usually presented in the form of long lists. As we shall see, this approach has resulted in some extremely important findings, but it has also been a bit
misleading. After all, remembering lists of words is somewhat different from remembering a conversation, a recipe, or the plot of a movie”(Klatsky, 1975, p.17).
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“Paraphrasing is Plagiarism.” (n.d.). In Muhlenberg College Psychology Department. Retrieved 11 November 2013, from http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/psychology/paraphrasing.htm
Incorrect paraphrasing: Long term memory is a complex
storehouse that has been studied extensively using verbal materials presented in the form of long lists. While this approach has resulted in some important findings, it has been misleading. Remembering a list is not like remembering a discussion or a movie.
Incorrect paraphrasing:
Long term memory is a complex storehouse that has been studied extensively using verbal materials presented in the form of long lists. While this approach has resulted in some important findings, it has been misleading. Rememberinga list is not like remembering a discussion or a movie.
Example Paraphrasing (cont.)
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Incorrect paraphrasing:
The recollection of long word lists is how long term memory typically is studied. Although much can be learned through this method, the vast diversity of what human beings commit to memory suggests this approach may have its limits.
Correct paraphrasing:
The recollection of long word lists is how long term memory typically is studied. Although much can be learned through this method, the vast diversity of what human beings commit to memory suggests this approach may have its limits (Klatsky, 1975, p. 17).
Example CitationOriginal text:
“Infidel, n. In New York, one who does not believe in the Christian religion; in Constantinople, one who does” (Bierce, 1911, p. 60).
Incorrect citation:
According to Ambrose Bierce in The Devil’s Dictionary, an infidel is, in New York, one who does not believe in the Christian religion; in Constantinople, one who does.
Correct:
According to Ambrose
Bierce in The Devil’s
Dictionary, an infidel is,
“in New York, one who
does not believe in the
Christian religion; in
Constantinople, one
who does” (Bierce,
1911, p. 60).
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An Exception in Citation: Common
Knowledge
Common knowledge is information you
can assume to be widely known by
whoever might read your writing.
Commonly discussed facts: The earth
revolves around the sun.
Facts that can be easily verified: There are
50 U.S. states.
Common expressions or cliches: “as good
as it gets”, “the early bird gets the worm”
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Choosing a Citation Style The citation style sometimes depends on the
academic discipline involved.
APA (American Psychological Association) style is
used by often in the field of education, psychology,
and sciences. See APA Citation Style for a guide.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the humanities. See MLA Citation Style for a
guide.
Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
business, history, and the fine arts. This style does not
use in-text citations; instead it uses footnotes. See
Chicago/Turabian Citation Style for a guide.
But it’s always best to ask your professor if they
have a preference!
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An Example of APA
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“Sample APA Paper”. The Write Source. http://www.thewritesource.com/apa/apa.pdf
Bibliography
In text citations
APA Style Book:
In-text direct citation (Pollan, 2006, p. 49).
General reference to book’s argument: (Pollan, 2006).
In your bibliography: Pollan, Michael (2006). The omnivore’s
dilemma. New York: Penguin Group. Print.
Journal:
In text direct citation: (Bagchi, “Conflicting Nationalism,” 1996, p.
45).
In your bibliography: Bagchi, A (1999). Conflicting nationalisms: the
voice of the subaltern in mahasweta devi’s bashai tudu. Tulsa
Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1, 41-50. Print.
Internet:
In-text: (“Plagiarism”).
In your bibliography: "Plagiarism." Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia.
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2004, July 22). Retrieved 11 Nov. 2013.
Web.
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Including Supplemental Notes“The questionnaire (see Supplementary material3) was comprised of 4 parts: student perception regarding content of nutrition education; duration of time spent on nutrition education; preferred education approach to nutrition; and demographics.”
3Supplementary data are available on the journal Web site (http://apnm.nrc.ca) or may be purchased from the Depository of Unpublished Data, Document Delivery, CISTI, National Research Council Canada, Building M-55, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. DUD 5396. For more information on obtaining material refer to http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/cisti/collection/unpublished-data.html.
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“Using Footnotes (APA)”. Writing Commons, http://writingcommons.org/format/apa/695-using-footnotes-
apa
Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes are notes that appear at the end of
each page.
Endnotes appear at the end of the whole paper or book.
Generally speaking, if a point digresses from the current argument in the text, but the author would still like to make it, an endnote is used.
If the point is directly related to the discussion present on that page of the text, a footnote is used.
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Chicago Style
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Bibliography
In text citations
Citation Tools
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Is Your Source Legitimate?
Who wrote it?
What else have they written?
What was their rhetorical purpose?
Is the argument properly supported?
Does the argument differ from other that
sources on the same topic?
How?
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Finding Legitimate Sources
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JSTOR: Database of journals, primary sources, and books
eBrary: University provided access to electronic books
Google Scholar: A freely accessible search engine for articles. It searches a wide variety of sources, including which searches academic publishers, universities, and preprint depositories.
EBSCO: Research database for e-journals, magazine subscriptions, ebooks
