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Source Citation and CredibilityAlyssa Meyer
Tian Shan Policy CenterVisiting Research Fellow
05/03/2023
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What We Will Cover When do you need to cite a source? How do you cite a source? How do you decide which sources are
legitimate?
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What is Plagiarism?Plagiarism is using another
person’s words, expressions, language, or ideas without giving proper credit.
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Common Concerns When might you unintentionally
plagiarize? Paraphrasing incorrectly Citing incorrectly Omitting a citation
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Example Paraphrasing Original passage:
“Long-term memory, that immensely complex storehouse, has also been most extensively studied with the use of verbal materials, usually presented in the form of long lists. As we shall see, this approach has resulted in some extremely important findings, but it has also been a bit misleading. After all, remembering lists of words is somewhat different from remembering a conversation, a recipe, or the plot of a movie”(Klatsky, 1975, p.17).“Paraphrasing is Plagiarism.” (n.d.). In Muhlenberg College Psychology Department. Retrieved 11 November 2013, from http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/psychology/paraphrasing.htm
Incorrect paraphrasing: Long term memory is a complex storehouse that has been studied extensively using verbal materials presented in the form of long lists. While this approach has resulted in some important findings, it has been misleading. Remembering a list is not like remembering a discussion or a movie.
Incorrect paraphrasing: Long term memory is a complex storehouse that has been studied extensively using verbal materials presented in the form of long lists. While this approach has resulted in some important findings, it has been misleading. Remembering a list is not like remembering a discussion or a movie.
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Example Paraphrasing (cont.)Incorrect paraphrasing:The recollection of long word lists is how long term memory typically is studied. Although much can be learned through this method, the vast diversity of what human beings commit to memory suggests this approach may have its limits.
Correct paraphrasing:The recollection of long word lists is how long term memory typically is studied. Although much can be learned through this method, the vast diversity of what human beings commit to memory suggests this approach may have its limits (Klatsky, 1975, p. 17).
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Example CitationOriginal text: “Infidel, n. In New York, one who does not believe in the Christian religion; in Constantinople, one who does” (Bierce, 1911, p. 60).
Incorrect citation: According to Ambrose Bierce in The Devil’s Dictionary, an infidel is, in New York, one who does not believe in the Christian religion; in Constantinople, one who does.
Correct:According to Ambrose Bierce in The Devil’s Dictionary, an infidel is, “in New York, one who does not believe in the Christian religion; in Constantinople, one who does” (Bierce, 1911, p. 60).
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An Exception in Citation: Common Knowledge Common knowledge is information you
can assume to be widely known by whoever might read your writing. Commonly discussed facts: The earth
revolves around the sun. Facts that can be easily verified: There are
50 U.S. states. Common expressions or cliches: “as good
as it gets”, “the early bird gets the worm”
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Choosing a Citation Style The citation style sometimes depends on the
academic discipline involved. APA (American Psychological Association) style is
used by often in the field of education, psychology, and sciences. See APA Citation Style for a guide.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the humanities. See MLA Citation Style for a guide.
Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by business, history, and the fine arts. This style does not use in-text citations; instead it uses footnotes. See Chicago/Turabian Citation Style for a guide.
But it’s always best to ask your professor if they have a preference!
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An Example of APA
“Sample APA Paper”. The Write Source. http://www.thewritesource.com/apa/apa.pdf
Bibliography
In text citations
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APA Style Book:
In-text direct citation (Pollan, 2006, p. 49). General reference to book’s argument: (Pollan, 2006). In your bibliography: Pollan, Michael (2006). The omnivore’s
dilemma. New York: Penguin Group. Print.
Journal: In text direct citation: (Bagchi, “Conflicting Nationalism,” 1996, p.
45). In your bibliography: Bagchi, A (1999). Conflicting nationalisms:
the voice of the subaltern in mahasweta devi’s bashai tudu. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1, 41-50. Print.
Internet: In-text: (“Plagiarism”). In your bibliography: "Plagiarism." Wikipedia, The free
encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2004, July 22). Retrieved 11 Nov. 2013. Web.
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Including Supplemental Notes“The questionnaire (see Supplementary material3) was comprised of 4 parts: student perception regarding content of nutrition education; duration of time spent on nutrition education; preferred education approach to nutrition; and demographics.”
3Supplementary data are available on the journal Web site (http://apnm.nrc.ca) or may be purchased from the Depository of Unpublished Data, Document Delivery, CISTI, National Research Council Canada, Building M-55, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. DUD 5396. For more information on obtaining material refer to http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/cisti/collection/unpublished-data.html.
“Using Footnotes (APA)”. Writing Commons, http://writingcommons.org/format/apa/695-using-footnotes-apa
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Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes are notes that appear at the end of
each page. Endnotes appear at the end of the whole
paper or book. Generally speaking, if a point digresses from
the current argument in the text, but the author would still like to make it, an endnote is used.
If the point is directly related to the discussion present on that page of the text, a footnote is used.
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Chicago Style
Bibliography
In text citations
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Citation Tools
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Is Your Source Legitimate? Who wrote it?
What else have they written? What was their rhetorical purpose? Is the argument properly supported?
Does the argument differ from other that sources on the same topic? How?
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Finding Legitimate Sources JSTOR: Database of
journals, primary sources, and books
eBrary: University provided access to electronic books
Google Scholar: A freely accessible search engine for articles. It searches a wide variety of sources, including which searches academic publishers, universities, and preprint depositories.
EBSCO: Research database for e-journals, magazine subscriptions, ebooks
