SPM PHYSICS FORM 4 heat

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4

Student’s Copy Chapter 4: Heat

86

4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to

Explain thermal equilibrium

Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works

1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same, zero as the

temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal

equilibrium.

2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is

(zero, equal)

3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two

objects in thermal equilibrium have the ……………… temperature.

4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should

(a) Be easily seen

(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature

(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube

5. List the characteristic of mercury

(a) Opaque liquid

(b) Does not stick to the glass

(c) Expands uniformly when heated

(d) Freezing point -390C

(e) Boiling point 3570C

Thermal equilibrium

:Keseimbangan terma

CHAPTER 4: HEAT

……………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

………….. rate of energy transfer

Hot

object

Cold

object

………….. rate of energy transfer

Equivalent to Equivalent to

No net heat transfer

A B



87

6. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.

7. The SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.

8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body

9. The SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.

10. Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/00C

11. Upper fixed point( l 100)/steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling

under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C

Exercise 4.1

Section A: Choose the best answer

1. The figure shows two metal blocks.

Which the following statement is

false?

A. P and Q are in thermal contact

B. P and Q are in thermal equilibrium

C. Energy is transferred from P to Q

D. Energy is transferred from Q to P

2. When does the energy go when a cup

of hot tea cools?

A. It warms the surroundings

B. It warms the water of the tea

C. It turns into heat energy and

disappears.

3. Which of the following temperature

corresponds to zero on the Kelvin

scale?

A. 2730 C

B. 00C

C. -2730 C

D. 1000 C

4. How can the sensitivity of a liquid- in

–glass thermometer be increased?

……………………………..…

…………………………………

l0 : length of mercury at ice point

l100 : length of mercury at steam point

lθ : length of mercury at θ point

Temperature, θ = lθ - l0

l100 - l0 x 100

0C



88

A. Using a liquid which is a better

conductor of heat

B. Using a capillary tube with a

narrower bore.

C. Using a longer capillary tube

D. Using a thinner-walked bulb

5. Which instrument is most suitable for

measuring a rapidly changing

temperature?

A. Alcohol-in –glass thermometer

B. Thermocouple

C. Mercury-in-glass thermometer

D. Platinum resistance thermometer

6. When shaking hands with Anwar,

Kent Hui niticed that Anwar’s hand

was cold. However, Anwar felt that

Kent Hui hand was warm. Why did

Anwar and Kent Hui not feel the

same sensation?

A. Both hands in contact are in

thermal equilibrium.

B. Heat is flowing from Kent Hui’s

hand to Anawr’s hand

C. Heat is following from Anwar’s

hand to Kent Hui hand.

Section B: Answer all the questions by showing the calculation

1. The length of the mercury column at the ice point and steam point are 5.0 cm and 40.0cm

respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid P, the length of the mercury

column is 23.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid P?

2. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and

5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the

mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?

Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C

l100 – l0

θ = 27 – 5 x 1000C

65 - 5

θ = 36.670C



2

3. The distance between 00C and 100

0C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a

beaker of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What

is the temperature of the water?

4. The distance between 00C and 100

0C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker

of water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the

temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at

temperatures i) 300C



3

SECTION C: Structured Questions

1. Luqman uses an aluminium can, a drinking straw and some plasticine to make a simple

thermometer as shown in figure below. He pours a liquid with linear expansion into the

can.

(a) Suggest a kind of liquid that expands linearly. (1m)

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) He chooses two fixed points of Celsius scale to calibrate his thermometer. State them

(2m)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) If the measurement length of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower

fixed point and the upper fixed point are 5cm and 16 cm respectively, find the length of

the liquid at 82.50C.

(d) Why should he use a drinking straw of small diameter?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) What kind of action should he take if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his

thermometer?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………



4

2. What do you mean by heat and temperature?

……………………………………………………………………………………………....

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

: UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to

Define specific heat capacity

State that c = Q/MCθ

Determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid

Determine the specific heat capacity of a solid

Describe applications of specific heat capacity

Solve problems involving specific heat capacity

1. The ……………….. of a body is the …………………….. that must be supplied to the

body to increase its temperature by 10C.

2. The heat capacity of an object depends on the

(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The ………………………of a substance is the amount of heat that must be supplied to

increase the temperature by 1 0C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance. Unit Jkg

-1 K

-1

4. The heat energy absorbed or given out by an object is given by Q = mc∆O.

5. High specific heat capacity absorb a large amount of heat with only a

……………temperature increase such as plastics.

Heat capacity

Muatan haba

Specific heat capacity

Muatan haba tentu

Specific heat capacity , c = Q__

m∆θ



5

6. Conversion of energy

7. Applications of Specific Heat Capacity

Explain the meaning of above application of specific heat capacity:

(a) Water as a coolant in a car engine

(i) ....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

Electrical energy Heat energy

Pt = mcθ

Heater

Power = P

…………energy

…………..energy

…………..energy

Object falls from

A high position

Moving object stopped

due to friction

Power = P

Heat energy

mgh= mcθ

Heat energy

½ mv2= mcθ

Small value of c Big value of c Two object of

equal mass

Equal rate of

heat supplied

……….

increase in

temperature

…………….

increase in

temperature



6

(b) Household apparatus and utensils

………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………...

(c) Sea breeze

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

(d) Land breeze

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………

………………………………………………



7

Exercise 4.2

SECTION A : Choose the best answer

1. The change in the temperature of an

object does not depend on

A. the mass of the object

B. the type of substance the object is

made of

C. the shape of the object

D. the quantity of heat received

2. Which of the following defines the

specific heat capacity of a substance

correctly?

A. The amount of heat energy required

to raise the temperature of 1kg of the

substance

B. The amount of heat energy required

to raise 1kg of the substance by 10C.

C. The amount of heat energy required

to change 1kg of the substance from

the solid state to the liquid state.

3. Heat energy is supplied at the same rate

to 250g of water and 250g of ethanol.

The temperature of the ethanol rises

faster. This is because the ethanol..

A. is denser than water

B. is less dense than water

C. has a larger specific heat capacity

than water

D. has a smaller specific heat capacity

than water

4. In the experiment to determine the

specific heat capacity of a metal block,

some oil is poured into the hole

containing thermometer. Why is this

done?

A. To ensure a better conduction of heat

B. To reduce the consumption of

electrical energy

C. To ensure the thermometer is in an

upright position.

D. To reduce the friction between the

thermometer and the wall of the

block.

SECTION B: Answer all questions by showing the calculation

1. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 4kg iron bar from 320C to

520C? (Specific heat capacity of iron = 452 Jkg

-1 0C

-1).



87

2. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.8 kg of copper from

350C to 60

0C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg

-1 C

-1).

3. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2.5 kg of water from

320C to 82

0C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg

-1 C

-1).

4. 750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 45

0C. Find the amount of heat is

released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1

C-1

).

5. 0.2 kg of water at 700C is mixed with 0.6 kg of water at 30

0C. Assuming that no heat is

lost, find the final temperature of the mixture. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J

kg-1

C-1

)



88

SECTION C: Structured questions

1. In figure below, block A of mass 5kg at temperature 1000C is in contact with another

block B of mass 2.25kg at temperature 200C.

Assume that there is no energy loss to the surroundings.

(a) Find the final temperature of A and B if they are in thermal equilibrium. Given the

specific heat capacity of A and B are 900 Jkg-1

C-1

and 400 Jkg-1

C-1

respectively.

(b) Find the energy given by A during the process.

(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

A

B

1000C 20

0C

5kg

2.25kg



89

UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT

By the of this subtopic, you will be able to

State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause a change in temperature

Define specific latent heat

State that l = Q/m

Determine the specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation

Solve problem involving specific latent heat.

1. Four main changes of phase.

2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of

phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml

3. Complete the diagrams below and summarized.

(a) Melting

Solid Solidification

Latent heat …………

Boiling

Latent heat ………….

Condensation

Latent heat …………

Liquid

Gas

Temperature

Time

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

……………………………………….



90

(b) Boiling

(c) Solidification

(d) Condensation

Temperature

Time

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

……………………………………….

Temperature

Time

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

……………………………………….

Temperature

Time

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

……………………………………….



91

4. …………………………………is the heat absorbed by a melting solid. The specific latent

heat of fusion is the quantity of the heat needed to change 1kg of solid to a liquid at its

melting point without any increase in ……………………….. The S.I unit of the specific

latent heat of fusion is Jkg-1

.

5. …………………………………... is heat of vaporisation is heat absorbed during boiling.

The specific latent heat of vaporisation is the quantity of heat needed to change 1kg of

liquid into gas or vapour of its boiling point without any change in ……………………..

The S.I unit is Jkg-1

.

water ice

water

gas



92

6. Explain the application of Specific Latent Heat above:

:

(d) Cooling of beverage

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Preservation of Food

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) Steaming Food

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

(g) Killing of Germs and Bacteria

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………



93

EXERCISE 4.3

Section A:

1. The graph in figure below shows how

the temperature of some wax changes as

it cools from liquid to solid. Which

section of the graph would the wax be a

mixture of solid and liquid?

A. PQ

B. QR

C. RS

D. ST

2. Figure show a joulemeter used for

measuring the electrical energy to melt

some ice in an experiment. To find the

specific latent heat of fusion of ice, what

must be measured?

A. The time taken for the ice to melt

B. The voltage of the electricity supply

C. The mass of water produced by

melting ice

D. The temperature change of the ice.

3. It is possible to cook food much faster

with a pressure cooker as shown above.

Why is it easier to cook food using a

pressure cooker?

A. More heat energy can be supplied to

the pressure cooker

B. Heat loss from the pressure cooker

can be reduced.

C. Boiling point of water in the pressure

cooker is raised

D. Food absorbs more heat energy from

the high pressure steam

4. Which of the following is not a

characteristics of water that makes it

widely used as a cooling agent?

A. Water is readily available

B. Water does not react with many

other substance

C. Water has a large specific heat

capacity

D. Water has a large density



2

5. Figure below shows the experiment set

up to determine the specific latent heat

of fusion of ice. A control of the

experiment is set up as shown in Figure

(a) with the aim of

A. determining the rate of melting of ice

B. ensuring that the ice does not melt

too fast.

C. determining the average value of the

specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

D. determining the mass of ice that

melts as a result of heat from the

surroundings

6. Scalding of the skin by boiling water is

less serious then by steam. This is

because…

A. the boiling point of water is less than

the temperature of steam

B. the heat of boiling water is quickly

lost to the surroundings

C. steam has a high specific latent heat.

D. Steam has a high specific heat

capacity.

SECTION B: Answer the question by showing the calculation

1. 300g of ice at 00C melts. How much energy is required for this

Question 2-7 are based on the following information

Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1

C-1

Specific heat capacity of ice = 2 100 J kg-1

C-1

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 X 105J kg

-1

Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26 X 106 J kg

-1

2. An immersion heater rated at 500 W is fitted into a large block of ice at 00C. How long

does it take to melt 1.5kg of ice?



2

3. 300 g of water at 400C is mixed with x g of water at 80

0C. The final temperature of the

mixture is 700C. Find the value of x

4. Calculate the amount of heat released when 2 kg of ice at 00C is changed into water at

00C.

5. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 3 kg of ice at 00C to water at 30

0C.

6. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at —150C into steam at 100

0C

7. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 00C into steam at 100

0C.

8. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-1. How much heat will be

absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.



3

UNDERSTANDING THE GAS LAW

By the end of this subtopic; you will be able to :

Explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behaviour of gas molecules.

Determine the relationship between

(i) pressure and volume

(ii) volume and temperature

(iii) pressure and temperature

Explain absolute zero and the absolute/Kelvin scale of temperature

Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas

1. Complete the table below.

Property of gas Explanation

Volume,V

m3

Temperature,T

K (Kelvin)

Pressure,P

Pa(Pascal)

2. The kinetic theory of gas is based on the following assumptions:

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................



4

4.4.1 Boyle’s Law

1. Boyle’s law states that……………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………............................................................................

2. Boyle’s law can be shown graphically as in Figure above

0

P

V

(a) P inversely proportional to V

0

P

1/V

(b) P directly proportional to 1/V

Small volume

molecules hit wall

more often, greater

pressure

P α 1

V

That is PV = constant

Or P1V1 = P2V2

Relationship between pressure and volume



5

3. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm3. If the

atmospheric pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches

the surface of the sea.

4.4.2 Charles’s Law

1. Charles’ law states ……………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………… ………

The temperature -2730C is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute zero of

temperature.

Relationship between

volume and temperature

Lower temperature

Higher temperature,

faster molecules,

larger volume to keep

the pressure constant

V α T

that is V = constant

T

PI=50m + 10m

V1=250cm3

P2= 10m



6

2. Fill the table below.

Temperature Celsius scale (0C) Kelvin Scale(K)

Absolute zero

Ice point

Steam point

Unknown point

3. Complete the diagram below.

4.4.3 Pressure’s Law

1. The pressure law states ………………………………………………………………....

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

θ/0C 100 -273

P α T

That is P = constant

T

Relationship between

pressure and temperature

Higher

temperature

molecules move

faster, greater

pressure



7

EXERSICE 4.4:Gas Law

1. A mixture of air and petrol vapour is injected into the cylinder of a car engine when the

cylinder volume is 100 cm3. Its pressure is then 1.0 atm. The valve closes and the mixture is

compressed to 20 cm3. Find the pressure now.

2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the atmospheric

pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of

the sea.

3. The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water surface.

Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.

(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)



8

4. An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the water

surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure = 10

m of water)

5. A gas of volume 20m3 at 37

0C is heated until its temperature becomes 870C at constant

pressure. What is the increase in volume?

6. The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O

5 N m2. The container is heated until the

temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is fixed?

7. The volume of a gas is 1 cm3 at 15

0C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the volume

becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.



9

8. An enclosed container contains a fixed mass of gas at 250C and at the atmospheric pressure.

The container is heated and temperature of the gas increases to 980C. Find the new pressure

of the gas if the volume of the container is constant.(Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 X 105N

rn2)

9. The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 105 Pa to 9 x 10

5 Pa at 40

0C. If the volume of the

gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.



10

PART A: CHAPTER 4

1. A 5kg iron sphere of temperature

500C is put in contact with a 1kg

copper sphere of temperature 273K

and they are put inside an insulated

box. Which of the following

statements is correct when they reach

thermal equilibrium?

D. A iron sphere will have a

temperature of 273K

E. The copper sphere will have a

temperature of 500C.

F. Both the sphere have the same

temperature.

G. The temperature of the iron

sphere will be lower than 500C

2. In the process to transfer heat from

one object to another object, which

of the following processes does not

involve a transfer to material?

A. Convection

B. Vaporisation

C. Radiation

D. Evaporation

3. When we use a microwave oven to

heat up some food in a lunch box, we

should open the lid slightly. Which

of the following explanations is

correct?

A. To allow microwave to go inside

the lunch box

B. To allow the water vapors to go

out, otherwise the box will

explode

C. To allow microwave to reflect

more times inside the lunch box

D. To allow microwave to penetrate

deeper into the lunch box.

4. Water is generally used to put out

fire. Which of the following

explanation is not correct?

A. Water has a high specific heat

capacity

B. Steam can cut off the supply of

oxygen

C. Water is easily available

D. Water can react with some

material

5. Given that the heat capacity of a

certain sample is 5000 J0C

-1. Which

of the following is correct?

A. The mass of this sample is 1kg.

B. The energy needed to increase

the temperature of 1 kg of this

sample is 5000 J.

C. The energy needed to increase

the temperature of 0.5kg of this

sample is 2500J.

D. The temperature of this sample

will increase 10C when 5 000 J

energy is absorbed by this

sample.

6. Which of the following statement is

correct?

A. The total mass of the object is

kept constant when fusion

occurs.

B. The internal energy of the object

is increased when condensation

occurs

C. Energy is absorbed when

condensation occurs.

D. Energy is absorbed when

vaporization occurs.



2

7. Water molecules change their states

between the liquid and gaseous states

A. only when water vapour is

saturated

B. at all times because evaporation

and condensation occur any time

C. only when the vapour molecules

produce a pressure as the same as

the atmospheric pressure

D. only when the water is boiling

8. Based on the kinetic theory of gas

which one of the following does not

explain the behaviour of gas

molecules in a container?

A. Gas molecules move randomly

B. Gas molecules collide elastically

with the walls of the container

C. Gas molecules move faster as

temperature increases

D. Gas molecules collide

inelastically with each other

9. A cylinder which contains gas is

compressed at constant temperature

of the gas increase because

A. the average speed of gas

molecules increases

B. the number of gas molecules

increases

C. the average distance between the

gas molecules increases

D. the rate of collision between the

gas molecules and the walls

increases

10. A plastic bag is filled with air. It is

immersed in the boiling water as

shown in diagram below.

Which of the following statements is

false?

A. The volume of the plastic bag

increases.

B. The pressure of air molecules

increases

C. The air molecules in the bag

move faster

D. The repulsive force of boiling

water slows down the movement

of air molecule



2

PART B;

1. A research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the

substance in the temperature range -500C to 50

0C. The instrument used to measure the

temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.

Table 1

(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in –glass thermometer.(1m)

........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis

of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable

thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Thermometer A B C D

Liquid Mercury Mercury Alcohol Alcohol

Freezing point of liquid (0C) -39 -39 -112 -112

Boiling point of liquid (0C) 360 360 360 360

Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small

Cross section



3

(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at

00C and 100

0C. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of

the mercury column is 14.0cm

(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid

(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. A metal block P of mass 500 g is heated is boiling water at a temperature of 1000C.

Block P is then transferred into the water at a temperature of 300C in a polystyrene cup.

The mass of water in the polystyrene cup is 250 g. After 2 minutes, the water temperature

rises to 420C.

Assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the

surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1

C-1

)

Calculate

(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup

Figure 2



4

(b) the rate of heat supplied to the water

(c) the specific heat capacity of the metal block P

3. A student performs an experiment to investigate the energy change in a system. He

prepares a cardboard tube 50.0 cm long closed by a stopper at one end. Lead shot of

mass 500 g is placed in the tube and the other end of the tube is also closed by a stopper.

The height of the lead shot in the tube is 5.0 cm as shown in Figure 3.1. The student then

holds both ends of the tube and inverts it 100 times (Figure 3.2).

(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is inverted?

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2



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(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the bottom of the tube.

(d) After inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is found to have

increased by 30C.

i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.

ii. Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.

iii. State the assumption used in your calculation in (d)ii.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

PART C: EXPERIMENT

1. Before travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of his car

as shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa. After the

journey, Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure (b) He

found that the air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the tyre was

hotter after the journey although the size of the tyre did not change.

Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the

tyre of his car:

Figure (a) Figure (b)



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Choose suitable apparatus such as pressure gauge, a round-bottomed flask and any other

apparatus that may he necessary. In your description, state clearly the following:

i. Aim of the experiment,

ii. Variables in the experiment,

iii. List of apparatus and materials,

iv. Arrangement of the apparatus,

v. The procedure of the experiment including the method of controlling the

manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable,

vi. The way you would tabulate the data,

vii. The way you would analyse the data. [10 marks]

(a) State one suitable inference that can be made. [1 mark]

(b) State appropriate hypothesis for an investigation. [1 mark]

(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b).



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Education

SPM PHYSICS FORM 4 heat