Struggle and Survival Struggle and Survival Esthela CaitoEsthela Caito

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Martin OceotlMartin Oceotl Martin Oceotl lived from 1496-1537 in the Mexico/ New Martin Oceotl lived from 1496-1537 in the Mexico/ New

Spain timeline.Spain timeline. He was he was born in Puebla, Mexico. he later lived in He was he was born in Puebla, Mexico. he later lived in

Texcoco. Texcoco. He was an indigeous priest within the Aztec Empire. He was an indigeous priest within the Aztec Empire. He was one of the priest- diviners who predicted that He was one of the priest- diviners who predicted that

the bearded white men (the Spanish) would come to the bearded white men (the Spanish) would come to conquer the land. conquer the land.

He was imprisoned for his predictions.He was imprisoned for his predictions. When his predictions came true, he was released from When his predictions came true, he was released from

prison. prison.

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Christian missionaries wanted to get rid of the Christian missionaries wanted to get rid of the Aztec priests.Aztec priests.

Oceotl became a native priests and was good Oceotl became a native priests and was good at divining.at divining.

Ocelotl was found to be an enemy of the Holy Ocelotl was found to be an enemy of the Holy Faith.Faith.

In 1537, Ocelotl was subjected to public In 1537, Ocelotl was subjected to public humiliation by riding a mule through the city humiliation by riding a mule through the city and having the charges against him made and having the charges against him made public.public.

Isabel MoctezumaIsabel Moctezuma Isabel Moctezuma lived from 1509-1550, in the Isabel Moctezuma lived from 1509-1550, in the

Mexico/New Spain timeline.Mexico/New Spain timeline. She lived in the Aztec Empire.She lived in the Aztec Empire. She was a Mexican Indian.She was a Mexican Indian. Isabel was a daughter to the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II.Isabel was a daughter to the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II. After Isabel’s father was murdered by Cortes in June After Isabel’s father was murdered by Cortes in June

1521,Isabel was engaged to be married to her uncle 1521,Isabel was engaged to be married to her uncle and later to her cousin Cuauhtemoc (the head of and later to her cousin Cuauhtemoc (the head of Aztec resistance to the Spanish occupation).Aztec resistance to the Spanish occupation).

Her uncle dies from smallpox and her Her uncle dies from smallpox and her cousin was killed by Hernan Cortes.cousin was killed by Hernan Cortes.

She was briefly married to Alfonso de She was briefly married to Alfonso de Grado who was a member of Cortes’ Grado who was a member of Cortes’ original exeditionary force.original exeditionary force.

De Grado died in 1528.De Grado died in 1528. When the two were married, Cortes When the two were married, Cortes

granted Isabel the encomienda of granted Isabel the encomienda of Tacuba.Tacuba.

Isabel later married Perdo Gallego and Isabel later married Perdo Gallego and had a son with him named Juan de had a son with him named Juan de Andrade Moctezuma.Andrade Moctezuma.

Gallego later married Juan Cano.Gallego later married Juan Cano. When she was married to Cortes, she had When she was married to Cortes, she had

a daughter with him named Leonor. a daughter with him named Leonor.

Antonio de GouveiaAntonio de Gouveia He was born in 1528 and died in 1544.He was born in 1528 and died in 1544. De Gouveia was an adventurer and priest.De Gouveia was an adventurer and priest. He was ordained to the holy priesthood in the chapel of Saint Anne.He was ordained to the holy priesthood in the chapel of Saint Anne. Gouveia went to Italy to further his education.Gouveia went to Italy to further his education. On his trip back to Purtugal from Italy, he was shipwrecked.On his trip back to Purtugal from Italy, he was shipwrecked. He practiced medicine in oder to earn money and get back home.He practiced medicine in oder to earn money and get back home. Gouveia was accused of superstition and of practicing medicine.Gouveia was accused of superstition and of practicing medicine. Whe Gouveia was back in Portugal, he joined the Society of Jesus, but soon after, he Whe Gouveia was back in Portugal, he joined the Society of Jesus, but soon after, he

left it.left it. In 1557, he was arrested on charges of superstition, divination, witchcraft, and In 1557, he was arrested on charges of superstition, divination, witchcraft, and

commerce with the Devil.commerce with the Devil. He was found guilty of scandalous acts He was found guilty of scandalous acts against the Faith, of practicing medicine against the Faith, of practicing medicine without qualifications, of being a victim of without qualifications, of being a victim of his own imaginations, of commerce with the his own imaginations, of commerce with the Devil, and other charges.Devil, and other charges.

His punishment was forced labor.His punishment was forced labor. Gouveia was banished and sent to Bahia, Gouveia was banished and sent to Bahia,

and received a warm welcome.and received a warm welcome. Gouveia continued to be charged with Gouveia continued to be charged with

wrongdoings.wrongdoings.

Diego VasicuioDiego Vasicuio Diego lived from 1580-1670s.Diego lived from 1580-1670s. He lived in Salamanca, in the viceroyality of Peru. He lived in Salamanca, in the viceroyality of Peru.

His permanent settlement was in Buenos Aires, His permanent settlement was in Buenos Aires, under Juan de Garay.under Juan de Garay.

Vasicuio was a Native American.Vasicuio was a Native American. He was a native priest.He was a native priest. Vasicuio was a leader of a group of Indians who Vasicuio was a leader of a group of Indians who

worshiped the old god Sorimana.worshiped the old god Sorimana. The Spanish had been trying to get the Indians of The Spanish had been trying to get the Indians of

Peru to convert to Catholicism.Peru to convert to Catholicism. The mission was prevented from happening because The mission was prevented from happening because

there were indigenous religious beliefs and practices there were indigenous religious beliefs and practices that continued to exist in the region.that continued to exist in the region.

Some priests called these beliefs and practices Some priests called these beliefs and practices “idolatry.”“idolatry.”

Diego Vasicuio was one of the people- along with Diego Vasicuio was one of the people- along with hundreds of others- who kept the traditional religious hundreds of others- who kept the traditional religious thought alive.thought alive.

When Vasicuio was over 90 years old. He was When Vasicuio was over 90 years old. He was charged before Father de Prado with heresy.charged before Father de Prado with heresy.

FranciscaFrancisca Francisca lived from 1700-1750. Francisca lived from 1700-1750. Francisca lived in the city of Belem do Para Francisca lived in the city of Belem do Para near the mouth of the Amazon River.near the mouth of the Amazon River. Francisca was a Native American.Francisca was a Native American. She was an Indian slave.She was an Indian slave. Francisca was part of the Manao tribe.Francisca was part of the Manao tribe. While Francisca was growing up on the Rio While Francisca was growing up on the Rio Negro, the households and plantations of Negro, the households and plantations of Portuguese Para needed labor. Portuguese Para needed labor. Francisco served in Anna de Fonte’s house for 20 years before she plead to Francisco served in Anna de Fonte’s house for 20 years before she plead to

the authorities for her freedom.the authorities for her freedom. Francisca’s young lover, Angelico de Barros Gonclaves, convinced her to plea Francisca’s young lover, Angelico de Barros Gonclaves, convinced her to plea

to the Portuguese authorities for her freedom.to the Portuguese authorities for her freedom. The case was based on the argument that she has been illegally enslaved in The case was based on the argument that she has been illegally enslaved in

the back country many years before.the back country many years before. She had a defender as well as witnesses for her case. She had a defender as well as witnesses for her case. The justice found in her favor; but the case was then appealed by Francisca’s The justice found in her favor; but the case was then appealed by Francisca’s

owner to the Council of Missions. owner to the Council of Missions. The litigation ended up being unsuccessful and Francisca had to remain a The litigation ended up being unsuccessful and Francisca had to remain a

slave.slave.