Study Guide

SECTION 1

• Allied- to form an association with another for a mutual benefit.

• Treaties- a formal agreement between two or more nations.

• Governor Robert Dinwiddie- This was Virginias governor that sent George Wash-

ington on a diplomatic mission to ask the French to leave the OVR.

• George Washington- A young military officer who was sent on a diplomatic mission

to speak with the French, he also made the choice to build Fort Necessity to react

to the French retaliation.

• Joseph Couldon de Villers de Jumonville- French leader who commanded at Fort

Duquesne. Washington attacked this fort and Jumonville was killed, this caused

French retaliation.

• Retaliation- A counterattack. pg.343

• General Edward Braddock- A veteran of the British army sent by the King because

the conflict in the OVR. He died of his wounds later on after attacking Fort

Duquesne. pg.344-345

• Casualties- persons killed or wounded in battle.

• Mary Draper Ingles- Survived an Indian raid on Drapers Meadow and was held cap-

tive, once in the village she managed to escape and find her way back home 6

weeks and 500 miles later. pg.346

• Major Andrew Lewis- was sent after Braddock’s defeat to make the colonist feel

safe, with his militia men, but lost ammunition and supplies in the rapids as they

traveled down the New River and turned around, they never got to attack any

Shawnee towns.

• William Pitt- He was the appointed to take over the war effort by the British. He reor-

ganized the army and poured money into supplies, thus changing the tide of the

War. pg.348

• The Treaty of Paris of 1763- this treaty officially ended the French and Indian War.

• Stamp Act- one of the many unfair taxes placed on the colonist to help pay for the

war.

• Tyranny- harsh or oppressive use of power.

SECTION 2

• Proclamation of 1763- This forbade settlement West of the Allegheny Front, and or-

dered those already on the frontier to move back East immediately. (how did this

make colonist feel?) pg.343

• Pringle brothers- these two brothers, John and Samuel, deserted their post from

Fort Pitt and headed out West. They ended up living in a hollow sycamore tree and

living off the land.

• Nullified- This means to take away the legal status of something.

• Treaty of Fort Stanwix and Treaty of Hard Labor- these two treaties nullified the

Proclamation of 1763 and opened up the West for migration and settlement for the

colonist. (read and know the two treaties.) pg.356

• Lord Fairfax- hired Washington to survey and divide his seat into lots

SECTION 3

• Michael Cresap- settlers asked him to lead their attacks against the Indians, it is be-

lieved that his series of attacks led to many of the problems that followed.

• Chief Logan- a Mingo Indian Chief, he was friendly with the settlers until he heard

about the slaying of his family. He then led a number of raids and killed or impris-

oned a number of settlers.

• A new war- Lord Dunmore decided to put an end to the power of the Indians in the

West. He created an army and divided it in two. He led the forces in the north and

Colonel Andrew Lewis commanded the troops in the South.

• The Battle of Point Pleasant- This battle was between Andrew Lewis’ forces and

Chief Cornstalks army of Indians. This was the biggest battle between settlers and

Indians in North America. pg.364-365-Cornstalk was watching the movement of both armies and noticed that Dunmore

and Lewis had split. This is when Cornstalk decided to attack Lewis’ army.

-Cornstalks army of Indians were represented by Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo,

Wyandotte, and Cayuga Indians.

• Tu-Endie-Wei- this means “the point between two waters.” This is where the bloodi-

est and most violent Indian battles took place, at Point Pleasant. It lasted all day

and stretched over a mile into the forrest.

-When night started to approach Cornstalk ordered his warriors to retreat. Indian

casualties were around 200, Lewis’ and his forces lost 50 men and had 100 wounded.

• The end of the war- Cornstalk requested a peace talk after he realized he couldn't

win the war.

• Treaty of Camp Charlotte- This treaty was signed by Dunmore, the Shawnee, the

Delaware and the Mingo Indians. They promised to return the prisoners and stolen

supplies. The Indians also agreed that they would no longer hunt south of the Ohio

River (Present day West Virginia). This treaty was only temporary.

-This made the colonists angry, they wanted the Indians defeated so they would

feel safe. They started to believe that Dunmore only wanted to cause a war for a dis-

traction since tensions between Great Britain and the colonist were rising

• Treaty of Pittsburgh- This was signed in 1775 and made the treaty of Camp Char-

lotte permeant and the Indians agreed that they would remain neutral in during the

war with the British.

• Neutral- someone who does not pick a side in a conflict.

• Fort Gower Address- Soldiers take a pledge to King George, Lord Dunmore, but

they also pledge that their love for America and Virginia outweigh the other pledges.

• First Continental Congress- Eastern colonists were meeting and discussing their is-

sues with Great Britain and consider breaking away from her and declaring inde-

pendence.

SECTION 4

• Second Continental Congress- George Washington is chosen to led the new Ameri-

can army and they vote to ask for soldiers from all colonies to help aid the war ef-

fort.

• Berkeley and Frederick County- These counties formed two companies for the war

effort.

• Henry Hamilton- British Commander from Detroit who encouraged the Indians to at-

tack the westerners by bribing them with rum. He also encouraged colonials who

did not favor the war to help bring an end to the rebellion.

• Rebellion- open resistance to authority

• Loyalist (Tories)- People who did not want to separate from Great Britain. **1/3 of

colonists did not want to separate, 1/3 wanted to, and the other 1/3 wanted to re-

main neutral.**

• Quakers, Mennonites, and Dunkards- these people did not fight because of their re-

ligious views.

• Fort Henry- This was one of the worst attacks on the western frontier. This fort was

under siege by 300 to 400 Indians equipped with British ammunition and weapons.

The Indians attacked several times but never penetrated the fortress, so they killed

the cattle, destroyed the crops and burned down the houses around the fort as they

left.

• Siege- a military encounter where armed forces try to capture a fort or fortified town

by surrounding it and preventing any supplies from getting inside.

• Samuel McCulloch- He was a major that tried to help Fort Henry while they were

under siege. The Indians blocked his passage and tried to capture and kill him. He

managed to escape by leading his horse to jump off the edge of a cliff and survived

the ordeal.

• Fort Randolph- This is where Chief Cornstalk came to warn the settlers of an Indian

attack. The people did not trust Cornstalk so they captured him and held him pris-

oner. A random Indian ambush happened outside of the fort and the people blamed

Cornstalk so and they killed him. pg.373- 2,000 Indians sought revenge and put Fort Randolph under siege, they failed to

lure the people out and took their cattle and supplies and left.

• Fort Donnally- After the attack on Ft. Randolph the Indians went her to try and raid it

but they were warned and by John Pryor and Philip Hammond who disguised them-

selves as Indians.

• Dick Pointer- He was a slave at Ft. Donnally who was on guard with Philip Ham-

mond waiting for the Indian attack. They held off the Indians long enough and also

woke up the others with weapons to fight the raid off. Later Dick Pointer was

granted his freedom from the Virginia General Assembly for his bravery. pg.374

• Second Attack on Fort Henry- British Captain Andrew Bradt led this attack with 40

British troops and 238 Indians. The fighting lasted for two days.

• Betty Zane- She was at Fort Henry for the second attack and the soldiers inside the

fort were running low on supplies. Betty volunteered for a mission to run to her

brothers house and retrieve more gun powered 60 yards away. She made it there

and back in one peace and was declared a heroine for her act of bravery.

• The Treaty of Paris of 1783- Required the British to abandon their forts in the west

while allowing the states to repay money they owed Great Britain.