-David Gelernter-

STUDY Talmūd

Hebrew: ד� ת�ל�מו

g

• David Hillel Gelernter (born March 5, 1955) is an artist, writer, and professor of computer science at Yale University. He is a former national fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and senior fellow in Jewish thought at the Shalem Center, and sat on the National Endowment for the Arts. He publishes widely; his work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal, New York Post, LA Times, Weekly Standard, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and elsewhere. His paintings have been exhibited in New Haven and Manhattan.

• B.A., Yale University, 1976• Ph.D., The State University

of New York at Stony Brook, 1982

OBJECTIVE(S) OF THE REPORT:• At the end of the report, the PHILO 108 Class

[Philosophy of Science] will be more knowledgeable about our history, inline with the Computer Science vis-à-vis to the given title of this report-”Study Talmud”.

• After presenting the report, the Class under Prof. Arthuro Perez, Ph.D will gain greater awareness of this topic, hence, all of us will develop self-esteem in the sense of imparting this particular topic to the knowledge seekers; also to transcend our thoughts and be more observant to the relationship of the-’title’ in the slides that is to be presented.

BRAIN BLITZ ACTIVITY:

▫GUESS THAT NAME!!!

He is an American computer programmer.

His first name is Mark

He is the chairman and chief executive of Facebook, Inc.

Mark Zuckerberg

His first name is William Henry

But with a popular nickname of four letters.

The first name starts with letter “B”

This is his company’s logo:

William Henry "Bill" Gates III 

His name is “Steven Paul”.

For those who are unemployed, his family name is the one they are searching.

Was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc.

Steve Jobs

Computer science (abbreviated CS or CompSci) is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.

• It is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical processes (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information, whether such information is encoded in bits and bytes in a computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a human cell.

• A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/undergraduate/math-and-computer-science/

• Mathematics and computer science provide the critical foundation required to answer some of the most pivotal and complex questions of our time.

• Mathematicians design the models that enable us to understand and improve the structure of transportation networks, computer networks and physical processes, making them more efficient, effective, and versatile.

• Whether or not practical applications are foreseen, mathematicians revel in exploring the structure and beauty of abstract patterns, logical relationships, and rigorous formal proofs.

• Computer scientists build the invisible layer of software that drives significant advances in scientific research and improves everyday life. The newest smart phones are driven by tens of millions of lines of computer code, while a modern automobile includes over one hundred million lines of code-every aspect of which we depend upon for our productivity and safety.

http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/undergraduate/math-and-computer-science/

• Students studying computer science begin by learning how to write computer programs, but computer science is far more than just programming.

• Among other pursuits, computer scientists design and

study algorithms (computational problem solving strategies) to solve difficult real-world problems, learn software engineering patterns to break down large projects into manageable pieces, and study the design of programming languages themselves.

Computer programming:

(Often shortened to programming) is the comprehensive process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable programs.

It involves activities such as analysis, understanding, and generically solving such problems resulting in an algorithm, verification of requirements of the algorithm including its correctness and its resource consumption, implementation (or coding) of the algorithm in a target programming language, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code, implementation of the build system and management of derived artifacts such as machine code of computer programs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming

Computer History:

The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613 in a book called: “The young mans gleanings” by English writer Richard Braithwait

I have read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that ever breathed, and he reduced thy days into a short number.

It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

Author’s Quotation:

“Computer Science is the science of software, and software is the strangest stuff on earth”.

Judaism יהדות

• Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and was founded over 3500 years ago in the Middle East.

• Jews believe that God appointed the Jews to be his chosen people in order to set an example of holiness and ethical behaviour to the world.

SYMBOL:

Element of communication intended to represent or stand for a person, object, group, process, or idea. Symbols may be presented graphically or representationally.

Regular Hexagram Menorah

Menorah חנוכייה

• One of the oldest symbols of the Jewish faith is the menorah, a seven-branched candelabrum used in the Temple.

• It has been said that the menorah

is a symbol of the nation of Israel and our mission to be "a light unto the nations." (Isaiah 42:6). The sages emphasize that light is not a violent force; Israel is to accomplish its mission by setting an example, not by using force. This idea is highlighted in the vision in Zechariah 4:1-6. Zechariah sees a menorah, and G-d explains: "Not by might, nor by power, but by My spirit."

The Star of David in the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text, the

Leningrad Codex, dated 1008.

• The Magen David דוד קיבות

is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity and is also known colloquially as the Jewish Star or "Star of David." Its usage as a sign of Jewish identity began in the Middle Ages, though its religious usage began earlier, with the current earliest archeological evidence being a stone bearing the shield from the arch of a 3–4th century synagogue in the Galilee. A more enduring symbol of Judaism, the menorah, has been in use since BCE.

“Who gains wisdom? He who is willing to receive instruction from all sources. Who is the mighty man? He who subdueth his temper. Who is rich? He who is content with his lot. Who is deserving of honour? He who honoureth mankind”.

Web definitions:

Judah the Prince

Hebrew: הנשיא יהודה

-Judah the Prince, or Judah I, also known as Rabbi or Rabbenu HaQadosh, was a 2nd-century CE rabbi and chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah. He was a key leader of the Jewish community during the Roman occupation of Judea.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_the_Prince

Mishna

Hebrew: משנה

-the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200.

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

Gemara

Hebrew: גמרא

-the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna.

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

Tanakh

Hebrew: "ך תנ -the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

Halakha Hebrew: הלכה

-also transliterated Halocho (Ashkenazic Hebrew pronunciation) and Halacha—is the collective body of religious laws for Jews, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law, as well as customs and traditions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakhah

The Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE)

Hebrew:  כוכבא בר .or mered bar kokhba מרד

-The rebellion is also known as The Third Jewish-Roman War or The Third Jewish Revolt by the Jews ofJudaea Province against the Roman Empire and the last of the Jewish-Roman Wars.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt

Torah

Hebrew: תורה - (in Judaism) The law of God as revealed to

Moses and recorded in the first five books  of the Tanakh, it can mean this plus the rabbinic commentaries on it, it can mean the continued narrative from Genesis to the end of the Tanakh, it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching and practice.

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah

Talmud History:

• During the centuries following Rabbi Judah's editing of the Mishna, it was studied exhaustively by generation after generation of rabbis.

• Eventually, some of these rabbis wrote down their discussions and commentaries on the Mishna's laws in a series of books known as the Talmud. The rabbis of Palestine edited their discussions of the Mishna about the year 400:

• Their work became known as the Palestinian Talmud (in Hebrew, Talmud Yerushalmi, which literally means "Jerusalem Talmud").

•More than a century later, some of the leading Babylonian rabbis compiled another editing of the discussions on the Mishna. By then, these deliberations had been going on some three hundred years.

•The Babylon edition was far more extensive than its Palestinian counterpart, so that the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli) became the most authoritative compilation of the Oral Law. When people speak of studying "the Talmud," they almost invariably mean the Bavli rather than the Yerushalmi.

•According to tradition, following the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the many teachers of Jewish law (halakhah) transmitted a growing and ever more complex body of material known as oral Torah (Torah she'b'al peh).

•At the same time, tradition says, oppression by Rome, reflected in the destruction of the Temple and the defeat of the Bar Kokhba rebellion (135 CE), was causing the oral Torah to be lost. As a consequence,

•Rabbi Judah the Patriarch undertook to collect and edit a study edition of these halakhot (plural) in order that the learning not vanish.

•Interestingly, modern scholars have re-affirmed the significance of the catastrophic defeats of the Jews by the Romans.

•The scholarly twist, however, is that, at the end of the second century CE, when Rabbi Judah the Patriarch (often referred to simply as "Rabbi") was on good terms with the Roman imperial government, he published the Mishnah as a conscious effort to ignore and displace the memories of destruction and loss.

• Although the Temple had been destroyed 130 years prior to its publication, in the world described by the Mishnah the Temple still exists and the laws that governed it are expressed in the present tense.

• Although the Talmud (the compendium of the Mishnah and the Gemara, which interprets and comments on the Mishnah) preserves traditions allegedly contemporaneous with the Mishnah that refer to the Bar Kokhba rebellion and defeat, the Mishnah itself ignores these.

• In this way, the Mishnah is a document that describes a life of sanctification, in which the rituals of the Temple are adapted for communal participation in a world that has no Temple, which escapes the ups and downs of history.

Jewish History Timeline Event Jewish*Calendar*Gentile

Creation 1 -3761

Noah born 1056 -2705

The Flood 1656 -2105

Abraham born 1948 -1813Covenant Between the Parts 2018 -1743

Isaac born 2048 -1713

Jacob & Family go down to Egypt 2238 -1523

The Exodus and the Giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai

2448 -1313

The Children of Israel enter the Land of Israel 2489 -1272

King David born 2854 -907

King Solomon born 2912 -849

King Solomon builds the Holy Temple 2928 -833

Rebellion of the Ten Tribes; kingdom is split into two kingdoms: Israel of ten tribes, and Judah of two

2964 -796

Israel conquered by Shalmanesser, Israel exiled to places unknown

3205 -555

Holy Temple destroyed; Judah exiled to Babylon 3338 -422

Holy Temple rebuilt. End of Era of Prophecy; beginning of Mishnaic Era

3408 -352

Second Holy Temple destroyed 3828 68

Mishnaic Rabbis: Rabbi Eliezer, Rabbi Yehoshua, Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah, Rabbi Akiva, and Rabbi Tarfon conduct the Seder in Bnai Brak

3870? 110?

End of Mishnaic Era; beginning of Talmudic (Amoraic) Era

3948 188

Abbaye and Rava teach the Talmud

4100 340

End of Talmudic Era; beginning of Savoraic Era

4260 500

End of Savoraic Era; beginning of Gaonic Era

4349 589

Rav Saadya Gaon born 4642 882End of Gaonic Era; beginning of Rishonim Era

4798 1038

Rashi born 4800 1040Maimonides born 4895 1135End of Rishonim Era; beginning of Achronim Era

5200? 1440?

Rabbi Yosef Karo, author of Shulchan Aruch, born

5248 1488

Rabbi Isaac Luria, the Arizal, born

5294 1534

Bal Shem Tov born 5458 1698

•ALGOL 60

(short for ALGOrithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages.

It gave rise to many other programming languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, Simula and C. ALGOL 58 introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them.

ALGOL 60 was the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope.

Niklaus Wirth based his own ALGOL W on ALGOL 60 before moving to develop Pascal. Algol-W was intended to be the next generation ALGOL but the ALGOL 68 committee decided on a design that was more complex and advanced rather than a cleaned simplified ALGOL 60. The official ALGOL versions are named after the year they were first published.

•ALGOL 60 was used mostly by research computer scientists in the United States and in Europe. Its use in commercial applications was hindered by the absence of standard input/output facilities in its description and the lack of interest in the language by large computer vendors.

•ALGOL 60 did however become the standard for the publication of algorithms and had a profound effect on future language development.

• Dr. Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. Some integrated circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs are called multi-core processors.

An Intel 80486DX2 CPU, as seen from above

An Intel 80486DX2, as seen from below

LET’S GO:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scienceMain article: History of computer science

The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity but they only supported the human mind, aiding in computations as complex as multiplication and division.

Blaise Pascal

Designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator, Pascal's calculator.

. Thomas de Colmar

In 1642. Two hundred years later, He launched the mechanical calculator industry when he released his simplified arithmometer, which was the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.

Charles Babbage

Started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator, his difference engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator, his Analytical Engine. He started developing this machine in 1834 and "in less than two years he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom" making it infinitely programmable.

. Ada Lovelace

Wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first computer program. Because of this, she is often considered the world's first computer programmer.

Pascal’s Calculator

Thomas de Colmar’s Invention

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmometer

Front panel of a Thomas’ Arithmometerwith its movable result carriage extended.

Trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, built by Babbage, as displayed at the Science Museum (London)

Portrait by Margaret Sarah Carpenter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace

Ada Lovelace

Herman Hollerth

Around 1885, invented the tabulator which used punched cards to process statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM.

Howard Aiken

In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream,convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business[8] to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's analytical engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit. When the machine was finished, some hailed it as "Babbage's dream come true”.

Hollerith 1890 tabulating machine and sorter

Harvard Mark I / IBM ASCC, left side.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Perilli in Toronto, Canada. Four identical sculptures are located in Buffalo City, South Africa; Changchun, China; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Sydney, Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism