Correspondencias e discrepancias morfosintácticas

entre idioma I e lingua A

A representación lingüística

do inglés e do galego e castelán

Correspondencias e discrepancias morfosintácticas entre idioma I e lingua A

• Tópico: linguas xermánicas vs. linguas romances

1. The chairman gavelled the assembly into session

O presidente declarou aberta a sesión da asemblea

2. She was lured to Calcutta

Enganouna e levouna a Calcuta

3. He was shot to death

Matárono dun disparo

4. She pushed the door open

Abriu a porta dun empurrón

5. The big questions are still wide open

As preguntas máis importantes están aínda por contestar

6. Autistic people are masters at telling similar objects apart

Ós autistas dáselles moi ben diferenciar obxectos semellantes

Tópico: As linguas xermánicas e as romances móvense, en liñas xerais, en dous planos distintos:

realidade vs. intelecto

+ concreto + abstrato

+ acción + concepto

+ verbos + substantivos

• Vinay & Dalbernet (1958:58)“la phrase anglaise s’organise autour d’un mot image et la phrase française autour d’un mot signe”

“les mots français se situent généralement à un niveau d’abstraction superieur à celui des mots anglais correspondants”

• Vázquez Ayora (1977:83)“la representación inglesa se desenvuelve en el plano de la realidad, la castellana en el plano del intelecto”

“el español percibe la realidad en forma afectiva, el inglés en forma descriptiva”

“el castellano es más abstracto, el inglés da la visión más concreta”

Diferenzas na representación lingüística

1. Modo: Subxuntivo: inglés Ø, gl/es obrigatorio distinguir

• We do not think he has arrived

Non cremos que chegase

Cremos que non chegou

• putative should: If circumstances should recommend it...

2. Aspecto: Imperfecto vs perfecto:

inglés Ø, gl/es obrigado distinguir.

He read carefully Leu / lía

Outros medios de expresión do inglés:

-gramaticais: to be -ing he was reading

used to he used to read (all nights)

would he would read (all nights)

-léxicos: adverbs he read all nights

verbos he knew/ he found out how to go

he knew/ he met the man

3. Cópula: Ser / estar vs to be.

4. Pronomes: Ti / vos / vostede / vostedes vs. youOutros medios de expresión do inglés: aposicións: you man, you people, you all, you sister, (youse, y’all), etc.

5. Afirmación: Si / verbo / locucións vs. yes / locuciónsDid you go? yes I did Fuches? Fun / si / abofé

(yes) of course

you bet

6. Pasiva: abundancia en inglés vs ausencia en gl/es.

Gl/es prefiren a voz activa ou as oracións impersoais.

- He was seen yesterday posible pero Vírono onte

- He was beaten posible ?? Mallárono

- He was given a book imposible Déronlle un libro

- It is said imposible Dise / disque /

seica

7. Determinantes: usos discrepantes.

Doctors say... Os doutores din...

Hai doutores que din...

Certos doutores din...

What a shame! Que vergonza!

Blue is her favourite colour O azul é a súa cor favorita

Sugar is sweet O azucre é doce

8. Número: singular vs plural.

trousers pantalón / -s

pyjamas pixama

overalls mono

clothes roupa / -s

goods mercadoría / -s

contents contido

people xente / -s

persoa / -s

people /-s pobo / -s, etnia / -s

cattle (head) gando / -s / animal / cabeza

poultry (fowl) ave / -s / volatería

9. Xénero: xénero vs. sexo

inglés Ø, gl/es obrigatorio

barcos: she

gatos: she

baby: it.

10. Relación léxica 1 + 1

real: kingly, royal, regal

porco: pig, pork

vaca: cow, beef

cordeiro: lamb, mutton (lamb)

galleta: cookie, biscuit

11. Expresión analítica vs. sintética

rir / sorrir + adv. = laugh, smile, snicker, giggle, titter, tee- hee, snigger, sneer, etc.

12. Estruturas ambivalentes ou ambiguas: for

For all its achievements modern medicine has still a long way to go

For all its achievements modern medicine is heaven-sent

13. Diferentes rexencias preposicionais

benefits received at / from the hands of charity

the boy dashed a stone through / at / to the window

walk down the street

drive up the highway

Anglicismos de frecuencia Construcións posibles en gl/es pero menos frecuentes que en inglés

a) Anglicismos estruturais

b) Anglicismos léxicos

Anglicismos estruturais

1. Orde S + V + C: gl/es son máis flexibles

2. Verbo ó final

In the last year, the real state Durante o ano pasado non ten

of our economy in terms of variado a situación real da

trade has not evolved nosa economía en canto ó comercio exterior

3. Modificación durativa: -ing ≠ xerundio

-I will not be dealing with the Hoxe non tratarei o tema da

topic of slavery today escravitude

-They are sitting / kneeling Están sentados / axeonllados

lying / standing deitados / de pé

-We must be going now Temos que marchar

-Enjoying yourselves? Divertídesvos?

-How are you feeling today? Como te sentes hoxe?

-How are you two getting on? Como vos levades?

4. Too + adj + to + V ≠ *demasiado + adx + como para + V

he is too lazy to go é tan preguiceiro que non / nin vai

é demasiado preguiceiro para ir

5. Voz pasiva

6. Parataxe (inglés) vs. Hipotaxe (gl/es)

Anglicismos léxicos1. Adverbios en -ly:

angrily: con furia / carraxe

suddenly: de socato

painstakingly: a conciencia, con detalle

totally: de todo, na súa totalidade

abstractedly: con aire distraído

ironically: con sorna

privately: a soas

persistently: a forza (de)

A tradución en -mente non sempre é posible:

Nationally, the demand for such services rose by 5%

2. Posesivos: maior uso en inglés

You can bet your life

I finished my homework

Wash your hands!

My head aches

3. Artigo: usos discrepantes

He is a lawyer

We Galicians

4. Adxectivo: moito máis numerosos en ingléspódese adxectivar case todolongas cadeas de modificadores

coordinados

a very few not at all well liked union officialsfifty-two three-quarter-inch galvanized pipesall the ten fine old stone houseshis I-couldn’t-care-less attitude

5. Substantivos que se verbalizan obrigatoriamente

I found no difficulty in getting admittance to le Count

If he made a good recovery, he might live another year

I had not given enough consideration to his mastery

All morning I was at work

The enemy was in occupation of this very land that we stand upon

I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways

Perhaps he would go to confession to the Minister

6. Estruturas house on the hill

-From beyond the platform came the shouting of the hunters in the swimming pool

-He remembered the song about the wild rose blossoms on the little green place

-The boys on the neck stood in a pool of their own shadow

-The neighbours in the brush houses sat eating their corncakes and beans

-The men in the other canoes looked up, startled

≠ Nas outras canoas, os homes ergueron a vista abraiados

(que se bañaban na poza)

(que florecen nun currunchiño verde)

(que gardaban o paso)

(das casopas)

Outras preposicións que precisan ampliación:

-He buttoned his coat against the chilling wind

para se protexer

-We may someday be able to test prenatally for autism

para detectar

7. Here, now vs. Aquí, agora

Ann walked for another mile until she stopped at a dark corner. Here was an old church

Now non sempre ten valor temporal:

These valleys consist of brown muddy bands and quartz layers. Now late last century workers building a railway through this wilderness used rocks like this to surround their fireplaces, and they found something quite unexpected: rocks that burned.

8. Falsos amigos

-I have abandoned the idea of building my own house.

Abandonei definitivamente a idea de construí-la miña propia casa.

-He did not like to hear Helen abused.

Non lle gustaba que insultasen a Helena.

-All the teachers of the seminar are considered to be adept at computing.

Tódolos profesores do seminario están considerados como expertos en informática.

-He awoke in a beauteous garden.

Espertou nun fermoso xardín.

-A few bigots demonstrated in front of the Parliament against the new president.

Uns poucos fanáticos manifestáronse diante do Parlamento contra o novo presidente.

-John could find nothing to cavil at.

John non achou nada que poder criticar.

-She has a fair complexion.

Ten unha cute moi fermosa.

-Hungry babies may become constipated.

Os bebés que teñen fame poden retraerse.

-After the terrorist attack, possible diversions of the troop convoys were considered.

Logo do atentado terrorista, estudáronse posibles desviacións dos convois de tropas.

-Domestic flights will not be delayed by the strike in French airports.

A folga dos aeroportos franceses non atrasará os voos nacionais / internos / interiores.

-He said his wife was extravagant and wanted to divorce her.

Dixo que a súa muller era unha desbaldidora e que quería divorciarse dela.

-Their jubilation didn’t last long: the following week they lost the game.

A ledicia duroulles pouco: á semana seguinte perderon o partido.

-Motorists honked all the time during the traffic jam.

Os automobilistas tocaron a bucina durante todo o atasco.

-His is a parochial mentality.Ten unha mentalidade moi estreita.

-She seemed rather preoccupied and distant.Semellaba estar absorta e distante.

-This timber should be treated with a preservative before beginning to build the house.

A esta madeira deberíaselle aplicar un conservante antes de comezar a construí-la casa.

-We should encourage reclamation and recycling.Debemos promove-la recuperación e reciclaxe de materiais.

-He has been traducing all his relatives for years.Leva anos calumniando a tódolos seus parentes.

The Kitchen is the Key to Victory

Eat Less Bread