Henry VIII was the Catholic king of England• “Defender of the Faith”

However, he and his queen, Catherineof Aragon had only one child, PrincessMary, who survived infancy. This worried Henry very much.

Why do you think having only one heir, and a female, would concern Henry?

Catherine of AragonHenry VIII

Henry wanted a male heir to succeedhim and secure the Tudor Dynasty.

He wanted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled by the Pope so that he could marry Anne Boleyn,

but… the Pope would not grant the annulment.

Anne BoleynHow is annulment different from divorce?

The Acts of Supremacy –These acts, passed by Parliament, put in place Royal, rather than Papal, Supremacy. This madeKing Henry, and not the Pope, the head ofthe Church in England.

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, then annulled the King’s marriage. For this, both the King and Cranmer were excommunicated by the Pope.

Sir Thomas More

As the head of the church, the King was now in charge of nominating bishops and receiving ecclesiastical taxes.

Those who defied him were charged with treason.

Henry’s former advisor, Sir Thomas More was executed in 1535 for denying Royal Supremacy.

Henry adopted the Lutheran belief in only three sacraments, and ended many feast days and the use of religious iconography. This led to some iconoclasm, or the destruction of religious images and icons.

This image depicts soldiers dismantling the icons in a church.

Henry also seized monasticproperty, keeping it for the crown or dispersing it to the nobility. This served several purposes, including:

◦Enriching the crown

◦Destabilizing the remaining Catholic influence in England

◦Ensuring the loyalty of the nobility.

How would this ensure the nobility’s loyalty?

‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith. All else is a dispute over trifles.’ - Elizabeth I

Henry’s Heirs

In 1547, Henry VIII died, leaving the throne to his nine-year-old son, Edward VI.

In 1552, Edward’s close advisor, Archbishop Cranmer issued The Book of Common Prayer:

• Changed the liturgy from Latin to English

• Denied transubstantiation

• Turned altars into communion tables

Edward VI was succeeded by his oldest half-sister, Mary I.

Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, and her husband, Philip II of Spain, Mary was Catholic.

• Restored the Catholic church in England • Undid Protestant reforms.

300 Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics. Others were exiled.

It is because of this violence that she has since been called ‘Bloody Mary’

These deaths were recorded in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, which would be a source of inspiration for Protestants who opposed Mary’s rule.

Do you believe that ideas are ever worth dying for?

New Act of Supremacy: Made Elizabeth the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Elizabeth repealed Mary’s heresy laws.

Act of Uniformity: Mandated attendanceat Anglican church and the use of the Book of Common Prayer.

Puritans: Radical Protestants influenced by Calvinism.

They ran their own congregations outside of the Anglican Church’s authority.

They were restricted under Elizabeth and persecuted under later rulers, so some would attempt to begin new lives colonizing America.

If you were a Puritan, would you have stayed and faced persecution,or left and faced the unknown? Why?