Age of the Reformation IVAge of the Reformation IV

Anabaptists, Anabaptists,

and the English Reformationand the English Reformation

AnabaptistsAnabaptistsCatabaptistaeCatabaptistae

Anti-PAnti-PæædobaptistsdobaptistsCredobaptistsCredobaptistsWidertWidertääuferufer

HereticsHereticsBrethrenBrethrenBeleiversBeleivers

ChristiansChristiansAnabaptistsAnabaptists

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• A history of radicalismA history of radicalism

• Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (1521-Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (1521-1525)1525)– Had visions, dreams, and talked to God and Had visions, dreams, and talked to God and

GabrielGabriel

– Rejected the written word, regular ministry, Rejected the written word, regular ministry, and infant baptismand infant baptism

– Preached the overthrow of all in the Preached the overthrow of all in the MillenniumMillennium

– Inspired the Peasants warInspired the Peasants war

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• MMünster Rebellion (1532-1536)ünster Rebellion (1532-1536)

– Anabaptist stronghold revoltedAnabaptist stronghold revolted– Became “New Jerusalem” 1534Became “New Jerusalem” 1534– The leader died leading a charge of 30 men The leader died leading a charge of 30 men

while declaring he was Gideonwhile declaring he was Gideon– Came under the leadership of “King David” Came under the leadership of “King David”

aka Jan Beukelszoon who instituted aka Jan Beukelszoon who instituted polygamypolygamy

– January 1536 the town was lost and the January 1536 the town was lost and the rebels tortured, publicly executed and then rebels tortured, publicly executed and then displayeddisplayed

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• Pacifist AnabaptismPacifist Anabaptism

– Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic priestpriest

– Joined other Anabaptists under a pacifist Joined other Anabaptists under a pacifist teacherteacher

– After MAfter Münster he allowed many to join the ünster he allowed many to join the pacifist sect having greatest influence in the pacifist sect having greatest influence in the NetherlandsNetherlands

– He guided and solidified Dutch Anabaptism He guided and solidified Dutch Anabaptism resulting in them being renamed Mennonitesresulting in them being renamed Mennonites

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• Swiss or mainstream AnabaptismSwiss or mainstream Anabaptism

– Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and HHübmaierübmaier

– Three main doctrinal pointsThree main doctrinal points1.1. Believers BaptismBelievers Baptism2.2. Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State3.3. Separation from the world/ungodliness Separation from the world/ungodliness

– No specific mode of baptismNo specific mode of baptism– Believed in symbolic baptism/communionBelieved in symbolic baptism/communion– Wrote many hymnsWrote many hymns

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• Persecution of Anabaptists in SwitzerlandPersecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland

– Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant baptismbaptism

– Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they and Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they and families would be exiledfamilies would be exiled

– Anabaptist responded with a procession through Anabaptist responded with a procession through town declaring “Woe, woe unto Zurich!”town declaring “Woe, woe unto Zurich!”

– 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a nation 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a nation wide persecutionwide persecution

– Swiss persecution emphasized exile and drowning Swiss persecution emphasized exile and drowning upon return rather than instant execution, they upon return rather than instant execution, they still martyred quite a few Anabaptistsstill martyred quite a few Anabaptists

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• German/Austrian PersecutionGerman/Austrian Persecution

– Much more severe, taking Luther’s violent Much more severe, taking Luther’s violent words and putting them to actionwords and putting them to action

– Even worse in Catholic controlled areas with Even worse in Catholic controlled areas with thousands of martyred rather than hundredsthousands of martyred rather than hundreds

– Behead those who recant, burn those who Behead those who recant, burn those who refuserefuse

English ReformationEnglish Reformation• A non-radical or extremist reformation A non-radical or extremist reformation

• Started with a tradition of conservatism and Started with a tradition of conservatism and honest reform, than with a radical break from honest reform, than with a radical break from RomeRome

• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was Chancellor of the Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was Chancellor of the realm, bishop of Winchester, ran the abbey of realm, bishop of Winchester, ran the abbey of St. Albans, and was archbishop of YorkSt. Albans, and was archbishop of York

• He loved luxury and wanted to become pope, so He loved luxury and wanted to become pope, so had no real interest in breaking with Romehad no real interest in breaking with Rome

English ReformationEnglish Reformation• Wolsey championed the “new learning” and Wolsey championed the “new learning” and

criticized the abuses taking place in the criticized the abuses taking place in the monastery monastery

• Remodeled Oxford and funded professorships Remodeled Oxford and funded professorships in theology and classicsin theology and classics

• Obtained papal sanction and suppressed ~40 Obtained papal sanction and suppressed ~40 monasteries monasteries

• He declined to allow Henry VIII’s divorce and He declined to allow Henry VIII’s divorce and was deprived of office then arrested as a traitorwas deprived of office then arrested as a traitor

• He died on the way to trialHe died on the way to trial

English ReformationEnglish Reformation• Wolsey was replaced by Sir Thomas More who Wolsey was replaced by Sir Thomas More who

was a great example of an English Reformerwas a great example of an English Reformer

• A good friend of Erasmus, he was well educated A good friend of Erasmus, he was well educated and dedicated to reformation of the Catholicsand dedicated to reformation of the Catholics

• Wrote a book entitled Wrote a book entitled UtopiaUtopia

• After becoming Chancellor he continued to After becoming Chancellor he continued to carry out the reforms of Wolseycarry out the reforms of Wolsey

• He assented to Henry’s divorce, but unwillingly He assented to Henry’s divorce, but unwillingly hoping to gain a break from papal taxes rather hoping to gain a break from papal taxes rather than a break from Romethan a break from Rome

The English BibleThe English Bible• Cambridge scholar William Tyndale requested Cambridge scholar William Tyndale requested

permission to translate the biblepermission to translate the bible

• He was rejected then traveled to Hamburg to He was rejected then traveled to Hamburg to translate in secrettranslate in secret

• 1526 he first printed the NT, 1530 portions of 1526 he first printed the NT, 1530 portions of the OT followed. the OT followed.

• The bible was badly received by scholars due to The bible was badly received by scholars due to many inaccuracies, Thomas More wrote many inaccuracies, Thomas More wrote thousands of pages of refutation against it.thousands of pages of refutation against it.

The English BibleThe English Bible• The Bishop of London bought up all of the The Bishop of London bought up all of the

15,000 copies he could find and burnt them. 15,000 copies he could find and burnt them. This financed many later printingsThis financed many later printings

• Tyndall’s version provided a basis for all later Tyndall’s version provided a basis for all later English translations of the bibleEnglish translations of the bible

• A newer version translated by Miles Coverdale A newer version translated by Miles Coverdale used the Vulgate instead of Greek and Hebrewused the Vulgate instead of Greek and Hebrew

• The Coverdale bible was neither officially The Coverdale bible was neither officially oppressed or supportedoppressed or supported

• 1537 Matthew’s Bible a mix of Tyndale and 1537 Matthew’s Bible a mix of Tyndale and Coverdale was printedCoverdale was printed

The English BibleThe English Bible• 1539 the “Great Bible” was printed1539 the “Great Bible” was printed

• It was the officially accepted version that had It was the officially accepted version that had been carefully translated by bishopsbeen carefully translated by bishops

• With it’s release it was ordered that every With it’s release it was ordered that every parish be furnished with a bible and that access parish be furnished with a bible and that access to it would be made available to allto it would be made available to all

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Henry VIII was second in line to become king Henry VIII was second in line to become king

behind his brother Arthur who married behind his brother Arthur who married Catharine of AragonCatharine of Aragon

• His brother died and Henry became Prince of His brother died and Henry became Prince of Wales (crown prince) at 11 years oldWales (crown prince) at 11 years old

• After his fathers death in order to maintain ties After his fathers death in order to maintain ties with Spain he married Catharine in 1509with Spain he married Catharine in 1509

• He received a special dispensation from pope He received a special dispensation from pope Julius II allowing him to marry his brothers Julius II allowing him to marry his brothers wifewife

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter to After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter to

show for it, Henry became dissatisfied with show for it, Henry became dissatisfied with Catharine as he wanted a male heirCatharine as he wanted a male heir

• He pursued the sister of his mistress named He pursued the sister of his mistress named Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have him without Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have him without first being marriedfirst being married

• He sought a divorce with the “Spanish Cow” He sought a divorce with the “Spanish Cow”

• The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce due The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce due to various political problemsto various political problems

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Henry in response declared the popes authority Henry in response declared the popes authority

non-effective in Englandnon-effective in England

• This was not a break with the church and This was not a break with the church and Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted his Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted his desires more than he wanted the churchdesires more than he wanted the church

• Without need for papal consent he was easily Without need for papal consent he was easily divorced and secretly married in 1533 later divorced and secretly married in 1533 later that year the marriage was made publicthat year the marriage was made public

• 1534 parliament passed the act of Supremacy1534 parliament passed the act of Supremacy

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Thomas More pleaded illness and retired as Thomas More pleaded illness and retired as

Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy was Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy was passed passed

• He refused to acknowledge Henry as Supreme He refused to acknowledge Henry as Supreme head of the church. head of the church.

• 3 years later he was hanged.3 years later he was hanged.

• Henry passed the Six Articles asserting: Henry passed the Six Articles asserting: transubstantiation, cup communion, celibacy of transubstantiation, cup communion, celibacy of priests, endurance of vows of chastity, utility of priests, endurance of vows of chastity, utility of private masses, and auricular confessionprivate masses, and auricular confession

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• The enforcement of the Six Articles and other The enforcement of the Six Articles and other

acts resulted in the death of many protestants acts resulted in the death of many protestants and Catholicsand Catholics

• Henry continued to persecute monasteries and Henry continued to persecute monasteries and dissolved more than 400 confiscating their dissolved more than 400 confiscating their propertyproperty

• Henry was married 6 times, none seemed Henry was married 6 times, none seemed particularly happyparticularly happy

• He died not particularly lamented in 1547 He died not particularly lamented in 1547 leaving Edward VI to become kingleaving Edward VI to become king

English ReformationEnglish Reformation• Edward VI was only nine when he became king Edward VI was only nine when he became king

leaving England to be ruled by his Regentsleaving England to be ruled by his Regents• During his reign England became ProtestantDuring his reign England became Protestant• The statute of burning heretics was removed, The statute of burning heretics was removed,

Communion was restored, clerical marriage Communion was restored, clerical marriage was allowed and protestants were acceptedwas allowed and protestants were accepted

• Cranmer wrote the “Book of Common Prayer” Cranmer wrote the “Book of Common Prayer” providing a liturgy for the new English churchproviding a liturgy for the new English church

• Edward VI died 2 months after the Book was Edward VI died 2 months after the Book was published and his half sister Mary took the published and his half sister Mary took the thronethrone

(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558• Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Mary I was the daughter of Henry and

Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers sympathies with the Roman Catholic faithsympathies with the Roman Catholic faith

• One of her first acts as queen was to behead the One of her first acts as queen was to behead the ex-regent who resisted her accessionex-regent who resisted her accession

• She married her Spanish Cousin Philip which She married her Spanish Cousin Philip which was not well received by the English people.was not well received by the English people.

• She enforced Catholicism across England She enforced Catholicism across England giving a triple test to hereticsgiving a triple test to heretics

• Heretics were allowed to flee England, but if Heretics were allowed to flee England, but if caught were tested and executedcaught were tested and executed

(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558• 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were

executed as heretics during this time, burning executed as heretics during this time, burning was her preferred method was her preferred method

• Famous among the executed were Bishops Famous among the executed were Bishops Latimer and Ridley, and Archbishop CranmerLatimer and Ridley, and Archbishop Cranmer

• Mary died more than likely of Ovarian cancer, Mary died more than likely of Ovarian cancer, which also explains why she never gave birth to which also explains why she never gave birth to an heiran heir

• She was succeeded by her younger half sister She was succeeded by her younger half sister Elizabeth IElizabeth I

Elizabeth I 1558-1603Elizabeth I 1558-1603• Elizabeth was Protestant and restored much of Elizabeth was Protestant and restored much of

the Protestant customs, the Protestant customs, • She was a clever and wise ruler so restored She was a clever and wise ruler so restored

Protestantism slowly and with popular opinionProtestantism slowly and with popular opinion• Rejected the Popes authority over England and Rejected the Popes authority over England and

replaced it with her ownreplaced it with her own• Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles still Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles still

used todayused today• Was religiously tolerant and wanted religious Was religiously tolerant and wanted religious

peace above freedompeace above freedom• A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the oldest A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the oldest

English monarch (70 years old)English monarch (70 years old)