The Process Approach

Ms. Joy M. AvelinoMAEd- ELT

April 16, 2012

STATEMENTS YES

NO1. In writing classes, there is a strong emphasis on correct grammar.

2. In writing classes, you should focus on what the student produces at the end of the lesson.3. Students have to work alone on writing activities.

4. Teachers should mark all the grammar mistakes that the students make.

5. Students should learn to write correct sentences and build them up into a text.

Process writing is to move away from the view that written texts are a collection of grammatically correct sentences. Process writing is connected with the different subskills that the language writers use when they write.

Theoretical UnderpinningsMerriwether (1997)• Writing is a process which involves

several identifiable steps. Nunan (1999)• The Process approach focuses on

the steps involved in creating a piece of work.

Jordan (1997)• Process writing evolved as reaction

to the product approach.

Process theorists of the 60’s and 70’s• Writing is the result of a long,

laborious, intensely personal process in which writers address several questions ranging from What do I write about? Who is my audience? How do I structure my essay? to What sort of language and voice should I use?

STAGES IN PROCESS APPROACH

• Selecting a topic and planning what to write

• Putting a draught version on paper

• Making changes to improve the writing

•PUBLISHING• EVALUATION -Assessment of the written work

CLASSROOM

ACTIVITIES

PRE-WRITINGGroup BrainstormingGroup research on a writing topicQuestioning (Journalist Questions)Discussion and DebateCubing

- describe it - analyze it- compare it - apply it- associate it - argue for or against it

Mapping / Clustering. The preferred prewriting technique for writers who are visually oriented because it allows them to generate and organize ideas in a visual context.  Outlining.Pass-around topic.Dialogue Writing.Looping

WHILE-WRITING

Individual writing.

Collaborative writing. Students work together to write a previously agreed text.

REVISING / EDITINGPeer editing / Proof-reading. Self-editing. Conferencing.Reformulation.Whole class discussion of how a particular text might need adjustment according to the audience it is addressed to.

POST-WRITINGEVALUATIONA rubric is…

an assessment tool a scoring guide (a guide for students and teachers before an assignment begins)

PUBLISHINGPublishing the final product and sharing it with an appropriate audience. It may be oral, visual, or written.

ADVANTAGES

Encourages students to communicate their own written messages.

Communication of the message is paramount and therefore the developing, but inaccurate attempts at handwriting, spelling, and grammar are accepted. These skills are further developed in individual and small group conference interviews.

DISADVANTAGES

• Process writing could be time-consuming with large classes. Teachers may not have enough time to schedule individual writing conferences in large classes.

• Lots of grading for the teacher.• Learners who are unused to process

writing will view revision as a sign of failure.

“Good writing does not just happen. The best writers spend a great deal of time thinking, planning, rewriting, and editing.”

- Elizabeth West

Brown, H.D. (1994). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. USA: Prentice – Hall Regents.

Ghaith, G. Writing. (2002). American University of Beirut. http://www.nadasisland.com/writing#process

Mckensie, L. & Tomkins, G.E. (1984). Evaluating Students’ Writing: A process Approach. Journal of Teaching Writing. Vol. 3, No. 2

Simpson, A. A process approach to writing. http://www.developingteachers.com/articles_tchtraining/pwpf_adam.htm

REFERENCES