Lecture 19:Lecture 19:The 16The 16thth C Protestant C Protestant

ReformationReformation

Causes for Religious ReformationCauses for Religious Reformation

Wealth + corruption Wealth + corruption of the churchof the church

Church rituals: loss Church rituals: loss of meaningof meaning

Inner spiritualityInner spirituality Printing PressPrinting Press Christian HumanistsChristian Humanists1.1. Thomas More: Thomas More: UtopiaUtopia2.2. Desiderius Erasmus: Desiderius Erasmus:

In Praise of FollyIn Praise of Folly

Martin LutherMartin Luther

Conversion + doubtConversion + doubt 95 Thesis: attack on 95 Thesis: attack on

sale of indulgencessale of indulgences Dominican friar TetzelDominican friar Tetzel The Freedom of the The Freedom of the

Christian: Christian: salvation by salvation by faith alonefaith alone

Military means to Military means to reformreform

Opposition leading to Opposition leading to The Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms (1521)(1521)

German Peasants’ RevoltGerman Peasants’ Revolt Peasant rebellion: Peasant rebellion:

12 Articles12 Articles An Admonition to An Admonition to

PeacePeace: Luther’s : Luther’s supportsupport

Warning against Warning against armed forcearmed force

Luther’s attack: Luther’s attack: Against the Against the Thieving, Thieving, Murderous Hordes Murderous Hordes of Peasants of Peasants (1525)(1525)

Victory to the StateVictory to the State

Success of Luther’s MessageSuccess of Luther’s Message Corruption of ChurchCorruption of Church Political motivations: Political motivations:

freedom from Romefreedom from Rome Support of humanist Support of humanist

ChristiansChristians Appeal to women: Appeal to women:

the sacred homethe sacred home Power of print + Power of print +

propagandapropaganda

Swiss Reformation: Ulrich ZwingliSwiss Reformation: Ulrich Zwingli Popularity + influence Popularity + influence

in Zurichin Zurich No scriptural basis = No scriptural basis =

unchristianunchristian Results: Literal Results: Literal

interpretation + interpretation + StandardizationStandardization

Conflict with Luther: Conflict with Luther: The EucharistThe Eucharist

Importance of Importance of reconciliationreconciliation

Meeting in MarburgMeeting in Marburg

Swiss Reformation:Swiss Reformation:John CalvinJohn Calvin

Invitation to GenevaInvitation to Geneva Social organization: strict Social organization: strict

moral codemoral code Institutes of the Christian Institutes of the Christian

Religion: Religion: literal scriptureliteral scripture Church structure: Church structure:

Pastors, teachers, elders, Pastors, teachers, elders, deaconsdeacons

Predestination: Doctrine Predestination: Doctrine of the Electof the Elect

Role of good worksRole of good works Spread of CalvinismSpread of Calvinism Calvinism in Scotland: Calvinism in Scotland:

John KnoxJohn Knox

The Reformation in BritainThe Reformation in Britain Henry VIII: requesting Henry VIII: requesting

an annulmentan annulment Parliament: English King Parliament: English King

as head of churchas head of church Catholic practices Catholic practices

remain: Six Articlesremain: Six Articles Edward VI: Protestant Edward VI: Protestant

transformationtransformation Queen Mary: Queen Mary:

Catholicism reassertedCatholicism reasserted Elizabeth: compromiseElizabeth: compromise

The Radical Reformation: The Radical Reformation: AnabaptistsAnabaptists

Opposition to infant Opposition to infant baptismbaptism

Pacifism, Pacifism, communism, communism, separation of church separation of church + state+ state

Radical MelchioritesRadical Melchiorites PersecutionPersecution

Counter Reformation: The Jesuits Counter Reformation: The Jesuits

Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola Fanatic obedienceFanatic obedience Self-masterySelf-mastery Monasticism Monasticism

discipline + intensive discipline + intensive preachingpreaching

Flaw of Flaw of predestinationpredestination

Promise of hope + Promise of hope + emotional impactemotional impact

Growth in powerGrowth in power

Tactics of the Counter-ReformationTactics of the Counter-Reformation

Pope Paul III, the Pope Paul III, the reformerreformer

The Inquisition The Inquisition Censorship: Censorship: Index Index

of Prohibited Booksof Prohibited Books Council of Trent: Council of Trent:

ReformReform No reconciliation: No reconciliation:

permanent splitpermanent split