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EARLY EXPANSION
The Early United States
Unit 3
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The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
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SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
a. Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.
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Growth
THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE
After the French and Indian War, Britain took possession of the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi
Following the American revolution, the Continental Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance in 1787.
It divided the area into smaller territories and provided guidelines for new states
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The law resulted in the formation of five states: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
The Ordinance made slavery illegal in the new territories (unless settlers already had slaves)
Many free blacks moved north of the Ohio River but were meet with discrimination
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When a territory reached 60,000 people, it could apply for statehood.
East coast states had to relinquish their claim to this territory.
Although not enforce, Indians were not to be removed from their lands – American troops defeated them later to allow more settlers.
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EXPANSION AND EDUCATION
Acquisition of the Northwest territory impacted education.
Leaders wanted to make sure that the country maintained a sense of unity and “national values” (patriotism)
They used public education as a tool to encourage these principles.
Many new state constitutions required public education.
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NOAH WEBSTER
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•Key leader in the educational movement.
•Compiled the first US dictionary that included words and spellings distinct to the US rather than British versions.
•Played a major role in forging a national language and helped to unify the educational standards of the day.
Louisiana Purchase
SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.
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THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY
Thomas Jefferson wanted to secure the United States trading on the Mississippi River.
He sent representatives to France to negotiate to purchase the city of New Orleans.
Napoleon was not interested because he wanted to revive the French colonial empire.
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Slaves in the French colony of Haiti revolted and the British resumed its war with France – Napoleon needed cash.
He offered to sell the entire Louisiana Region for $15 million dollars (3 cents per acre)
Jefferson believed that the people should have access to land and the potential new resources – he accepted the offer.
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THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 1803
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The largest land purchase, roughly doubling the size of the United States – 828,000 square miles
It marked a turning point for the new nation economically as it began to pursue prosperity within its own borders rather that from foreign trade.
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LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION Jefferson appointed his
personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean.
Congress appropriated $2,500
Lewis took William Clark to help him lead the expedition.
They left in May 1804 from St. Louis
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LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONS
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Lewis and Clark came to employ a French-speaking, part-Indian fur trapper and his young Shoshone Indian wife, Sacagawea to guide them.
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They reached the Pacific Northwest coast by November 1805.
They returned to St. Louis in September of 1806 with valuable information about the territory.
This led to rapid migration to the Pacific Northwest along the Oregon Trail from Missouri.
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National Identity
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SSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
c. Explain major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity.
• U.S. settlers felt threatened by the British presence in Canada and the apparent alliance between them and the Indians.
•The British navy’s policy of impressing U.S. seaman (taking them captive and forcing them to serve on British ships)
•The United States declared war on Great Britain in June of 1812.
THE WAR OF 1812
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American hoped to gain territory in Canada and in Spanish Florida (GB ally)
British attacked and burned Washington D.C.
America recovered at the Battle of Fort McHenry (near Baltimore)Frances Scott Key wrote the Star
Spangled Banner while being held captive by the British.
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WAR OF 1812: TREATY OF GHENT
Restored original borders
Returned relationship to the status quo ante bellum.
Signed December 24, 1814
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BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812.
American forces under General Andrew Jackson defeated an invading British army intent on seizing New Orleans and America's western lands.
The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach New Orleans until February.
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WAR OF 1812--CONCLUSION
War was a draw – nobody won or lost It showed that the United States could
defend itself and assert its interests in North America against a foreign power.
Due to it opposition to the war, the Federalist party lost its credibility and faded from importance in national politics.
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A NATIONAL IDENTITY
The War of 1812 helped to produce a stronger sense of national identity among U.S. citizens.
People felt a great deal of pride in standing up to the British, again!
American trade declined during the war, but manufacturing and agriculture improved and grew prosperous.
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Northern manufacturers sold more products to other regions of the country.
Southern plantation economy exploded as the nation’s only supplier of cotton.
By the time the war ended, U.S. citizens had a new sense of national pride and manufacturers and planters had established themselves as players in domestic and international trade.
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InfrastructureSSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
d. Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.
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NEW YORK CITY
New York City benefited from the changes during the War of 1812
By 1814, Textile mills were common in the city; this helped to make NYC a key economic center of the country.
New York City’s port made it a major center for shipping and trade, as well as, the arrival point for immigrants
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THE ERIE CANAL
New York also prospered from the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825
The canal provided a new shipping route from Lake Erie to the Hudson River
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363 miles long; 40 feet wide; 4 feet deep
Began in 1817; completed in 1825 Allowed people to travel cheaperMade NYC the dominant
commercial center by expanding its markets.
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ROBERT FULTON
Developed the first successful commercial steam ship.
Greatly increased the efficiency of travel; one could now travel upstream
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THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a plan to improve the nation’s economy and infrastructure.
An infrastructure is what provides the framework and connections holding something together.
This included things like roads, rail lines, canals, etc.
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CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM
1. Called for protective tariffs (a tax on imports) to help U.S. manufacturers.
2. Internal improvements: such as canals and roadways funded by the tariff revenue
3. A Second National Bank in order to make interstate commerce easier and stabilize the nation’s currency.
Clay hoped that his plan would strengthen the US and unite the different regions of US
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Monroe DoctrineSSUSH6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
e. Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.
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ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
With the end of the War of 1812 and the demise of the Federalist party, the U.S. entered a period known as the Era of Good Feelings.
This was a time of national pride and political unity.
This was during the president of James Monroe
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NATIONALISM ABROAD
In 1817, the United States and Great Britain signed the Rush-Bagot Agreement, reduce the number of warships in
the Great Lakes region. Set northern border of the United
States at 49˚ North latitude. Monroe was also concerned about
European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
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MONROE DOCTRINE
Issued in 1823The United States would not
tolerate European intervention in the affairs of any independent nation in the Americas, nor were the American continents open to European colonization any longer.
The United States would view any attempt to colonize as aggression
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SSUSH 7Student will explain the process of economic growth, its regional. And national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
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Eli WhitneySSUSH7 Student will explain the process of economic growth, its regional. And national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as see in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.
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ELI WHITNEY’S INVENTIONS
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Interchangeable Parts in which all parts needed to make a product
are made to an exact standard.The Cotton Gin Whitney also devised the cotton gin, a
machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton.
Manifest DestinySSUSH7 Student will explain the process of economic growth, its regional. And national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.
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BOUND FOR THE PACIFIC Some Americans believed that it was
their nation’s manifest destiny, or obvious or undeniable fate, to extend its reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Wagon trains brought thousands of pioneers along the Oregon Trail, the main route across the central plains and the Rocky Mountains.
Traders traveled along the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
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WHY DID PEOPLE MIGRATE WEST?
Belief in Manifest Destiny Religious reasons:
Religious freedom for MormonsMissionaries to Indians
Owning Land – Second chances – Opportunity
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Farming land easier and more profitable than ever because …New and improved plows –
iron/steel plowsMcCormick reaper
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Reform Movements
SSUSH7 Student will explain the process of economic growth, its regional. And national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school.
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THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT The most widespread social reform
movement during the early 1800s was the temperance movement, an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.
Temperance reformers opposed alcohol consumption, arguing that it threatened family life and caused employee absenteeism.
American Temperance Union – temperance societies
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Some states, beginning with Maine in 1851, passed laws banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
However, protests soon led to the lax enforcement or the repeal of most of these laws.
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SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
Religious movement designed by Protestant denominations to revive religious sentiment against the scientific/rationalistic ideas prevailing at the time.
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Basic Message :Readmit God and Christ into one’s
daily lifeAll can come to God – anti-Calvinist
idea of only a chosen few Charles Finney – greatest preacher
of the dayFounded modern revival movementFounded Oberlin College – 1st to
admit women and blacksGod’s power not politics will change
society
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Encouraged women participation in the betterment of society
Benevolent societies created across nation – goal salvation of souls and society
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ABOLITIONISM
Basic idea – enslaved African Americans should be freed immediately without gradual measures or monetary compensation for former slaveholders – God given right to liberty belongs to slaves too
Second Great Awakening ideas – slavery great evil/sin in eyes of God
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Horace Mann— helped Massachusetts pioneer school reform, encouraging other states to do the same. established the grade level system,
consistent curricula, and teacher training programs.
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Moral Education— Early public education was designed to teach Protestant moral values
The Limits to Reform—African Americans and girls often did not have the same opportunity to attend school that white boys did. When African Americans did attend
schools, they were often segregated, or separated according to their race.
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Women’s SuffrageSSUSH7 Student will explain the process of economic growth, its regional. And national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
d. Explain women’s effort to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference.
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A WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized their own convention on women’s rights in 1848.Basic idea – if women had more
political power – i.e. the right to vote – then women could help end social abuses and vices
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THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION:
focus on gaining right to vote (suffrage)
Declaration of Rights and SentimentsModeled after Declaration of
IndependenceAsserted changes needed to ensure
equality for womenSuffrage, property laws, moral double standards, educational opportunities
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Jacksonian Democracy
SSUSH7 Student will explain the process of economic growth, its regional. And national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
e. Explain the Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.
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John Q. Adams and Clay pushed for laws authorizing the federal construction of roads, canals, bridges, and other public improvements. (National Republicans / Whigs.)
Supporters of Andrew Jackson in Congress blocked such plans at every turn.
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THE AMERICAN SYSTEM & THE WHIGS
JACKSON AND THE ELECTION OF 1828
Supporters of Andrew Jackson called themselves Jacksonians or Democrats.
Jackson won the presidential election of 1828 by a large margin.
Many men who did not own property were allowed to vote for the first time.
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JACKSON AS PRESIDENT
When Jackson was inaugurated, supporters immediately rushed forward to greet him. The first President from west of
the Appalachians.
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The practice of patronage, in which newly elected officials give government jobs to friends and supporters, was not new in Jackson’s time.
Jackson made this practice, known as the spoils system to critics, official.
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THE BANK WAR
Like many Americans, Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a “monster” institution controlled by a small group of wealthy easterners.
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Jackson vetoed the bill to re-charter the bank, claiming that the bank was a tool of the greedy and powerful.
The veto did not hurt Jackson’s campaign. Jackson won reelection in 1832 by a huge margin, defeating Clay, the National Republican/ Whig candidate.
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NULLIFICATION CRISIS
An 1828 increase in tariffs outraged Southerners.
Vice President John C. Calhoun (SC) issued a doctrine of nullificationSC threatened to secede from the
unionCalhoun resigned as VP
Congress revised the tariff by 1833
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AMERICAN INDIAN POLICY
In 1830 Congress Passed the Indian Removal ActTo relocate Indian nations east of the
Mississippi River to what is now Oklahoma.
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Worcester v. Georgia- Samuel Worcester & the Cherokees of Georgia refused to leave.Supreme Court ruled in favor of
Cherokee. By 1838, Jackson forced Native
Americans West along the Trail of Tears.
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