URBAN SPACESURBAN SPACESGeography and History DepartmentGeography and History Department

I.E.S. FRAY PEDRO DE URBINAI.E.S. FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA

Miranda de EbroMiranda de Ebro

GETTING STARTED: WHAT’S A GETTING STARTED: WHAT’S A CITY?CITY? A place inhabited by over 10,000 A place inhabited by over 10,000

people (INE criterion). That people (INE criterion). That includes Andalusian villages and includes Andalusian villages and excludes small towns of northern excludes small towns of northern regions. regions.

With features predominantly With features predominantly manufacturing and services, not manufacturing and services, not agricultural. agricultural.

With a differentiated morphology With a differentiated morphology in sectors or areas, each of which in sectors or areas, each of which has a role and a kind of buildings has a role and a kind of buildings and spaces. and spaces.

With an area of influence which With an area of influence which is served by the city (and is served by the city (and communicated by road with it), communicated by road with it), larger or smaller depending on larger or smaller depending on the size of the city. the size of the city.

URBANIZATION PROCESSURBANIZATION PROCESS We know (?), that began in We know (?), that began in

Neolithic times, but Neolithic times, but throughout history we can throughout history we can distinguish two main stages: distinguish two main stages:

PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITY PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITY INDUSTRIAL CITY INDUSTRIAL CITY

PRE-INDUSTRIAL CITYPRE-INDUSTRIAL CITY Until the Industrial Until the Industrial Revolution, not more than Revolution, not more than 10% of the population lived 10% of the population lived in cities, and they will in cities, and they will normally not exceed 5,000 or normally not exceed 5,000 or 10,000. His functions were 10,000. His functions were military (control of territory), military (control of territory), administrative (seat of administrative (seat of political power), economic political power), economic (market) and religious (market) and religious (temple). Three periods: (temple). Three periods: classical, medieval and classical, medieval and modern. modern.

Phoenicians founded Gadir

PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE: THE CLASSIC CITYPRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE: THE CLASSIC CITY In the ninth and eighth centuries BC., In the ninth and eighth centuries BC.,

Phoenicians and Greeks established Phoenicians and Greeks established trading posts along the coasts of trading posts along the coasts of Hispania, but the Romanization will be Hispania, but the Romanization will be responsible for the beginning of the responsible for the beginning of the urbanization process. urbanization process.

The Roman plane copies that of the The Roman plane copies that of the Greek Hipodamos of Miletus (grid or Greek Hipodamos of Miletus (grid or checkerboard), moving from the checkerboard), moving from the camps of the legions to the Roman camps of the legions to the Roman colonies (Barcelona, Zaragoza, Merida, colonies (Barcelona, Zaragoza, Merida, Italica ...). Italica ...).

Two North-South axis (Cardo) and Two North-South axis (Cardo) and East-West (Decumanus Maximus) cut East-West (Decumanus Maximus) cut the grid, in the crossroads there is a the grid, in the crossroads there is a forum, to which we must add other forum, to which we must add other public spaces (theater, amphitheater, public spaces (theater, amphitheater, baths, temples, circus ...). A wall baths, temples, circus ...). A wall surrounds the city (Lugo). surrounds the city (Lugo).

LUGO

PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE: MEDIEVAL PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE: MEDIEVAL CITYCITY Muslims founded some new cities Muslims founded some new cities

(Madrid), but usually took previous (Madrid), but usually took previous settlements (Toledo, Córdoba), settlements (Toledo, Córdoba), whose strategic, administrative and whose strategic, administrative and commercial function revitalized. commercial function revitalized.

Their plane is a maze of streets Their plane is a maze of streets around the bazaar and mosque. around the bazaar and mosque. The old city (medina) is walled, The old city (medina) is walled, sometimes the suburbs too. sometimes the suburbs too.

Christian cities arise from the tenth Christian cities arise from the tenth century as defensive enclaves, century as defensive enclaves, walled around market square, or walled around market square, or main square, where the cathedral main square, where the cathedral and the city council are situated. and the city council are situated.

Some maintain the shape of the hill Some maintain the shape of the hill on which they settle (Vitoria), others on which they settle (Vitoria), others extend linearly along the road extend linearly along the road protected by a castle (Burgos), protected by a castle (Burgos), others have emerged as a bridge others have emerged as a bridge control settlement (Miranda). control settlement (Miranda).

THE HISTORIC OLD SPANISH CITIESTHE HISTORIC OLD SPANISH CITIES HAVE NORMALLY MEDIEVAL ORIGIN. HAVE NORMALLY MEDIEVAL ORIGIN.

TOLEDO

FRÍAS

MIRANDA DE EBRO

VITORIA-GASTEIZ

BURGOS

PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE: THE MODERN CITYPRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE: THE MODERN CITY During the modern age were not During the modern age were not

created new towns on the created new towns on the peninsula, except those of the peninsula, except those of the Bourbons to colonize Sierra Bourbons to colonize Sierra Morena Morena (La Carolina). (La Carolina).

But the new star shaped walls But the new star shaped walls are interesting in strategic cities are interesting in strategic cities (Pamplona, Ciudad Rodrigo, (Pamplona, Ciudad Rodrigo, Palma). Palma).

The checkerboard map (blocks) The checkerboard map (blocks) was taken to the new American was taken to the new American cities. cities.

LA CAROLINA

PALMA’ WALLS

CIUDAD RODRIGO

BUENOS AIRES

INDUSTRIAL CITYINDUSTRIAL CITY

The Industrial Revolution will The Industrial Revolution will completely transform the cities from completely transform the cities from mid-nineteenth:mid-nineteenth:

Textile and metallurgical factories Textile and metallurgical factories attracted thousands of workers from attracted thousands of workers from the countryside. the countryside.

The bourgeoisie abandoned the old The bourgeoisie abandoned the old town, unhealthy, uncomfortable, town, unhealthy, uncomfortable, strangled by the walls, and constructed strangled by the walls, and constructed a new city (Ensanche). In the old town a new city (Ensanche). In the old town and in slums or shanty houses will be and in slums or shanty houses will be crowded the workers. crowded the workers.

The new town will follow the plane grid, The new town will follow the plane grid, with wide spaces between buildings, with wide spaces between buildings, gardens, wide streets and elegant gardens, wide streets and elegant homes, which connect the city with the homes, which connect the city with the railway station, the new transport railway station, the new transport system. system.

The division of the kingdom into The division of the kingdom into provinces (1833) did also grow as new provinces (1833) did also grow as new capitals cities where the industry came capitals cities where the industry came much later. much later.

Urbanization was stronger during the Urbanization was stronger during the 60 and 70 (development): development 60 and 70 (development): development centers (polos de desarrollo), centers (polos de desarrollo), metropolitan areas, tourist towns ... metropolitan areas, tourist towns ...

ALTOS HORNOS DE VIZCAYA (blast furnaces)

TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN TARRASA

FIRST TRAIN BARCELONA-MATARÓ

“CIUDADELAS” IN GIJÓN

SHANTY HOUSES (CASAS MOLINERAS) IN VALLADOLID

BARRI GÓTICAND RAVAL INBARCELONA

BARCELONABARCELONA

I. Cerdá devised a wideningI. Cerdá devised a widening

plan for the new town (1855):plan for the new town (1855):

wide open spaces that urbanwide open spaces that urban

speculation was responsible forspeculation was responsible for

compacting. compacting. The chamfered corners ease traffic. The chamfered corners ease traffic.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

The appearance or outward form of a city is influenced by:The appearance or outward form of a city is influenced by: Its location (in flat or raised, by a river or Its location (in flat or raised, by a river or harboharbouurr, in a , in a

crossroads ...). crossroads ...). The plane (The plane (RadiuscenterRadiuscenter, checkerboard, labyrinth, star, , checkerboard, labyrinth, star,

irregular). irregular). The layout of buildings (block open or closed), height and The layout of buildings (block open or closed), height and

construction materials (brick, stone, tile, slate, painted construction materials (brick, stone, tile, slate, painted buildings or not ...). buildings or not ...).

The land use, that depend on functions having the city: The land use, that depend on functions having the city: commercial, residential, industrial, community facilities, commercial, residential, industrial, community facilities, cultural ... cultural ...

It's called urban structure to the division of the city in areas It's called urban structure to the division of the city in areas with morphology (appearance) and characteristic functions:with morphology (appearance) and characteristic functions:

OLD TOWN, CENTER OR DOWNTOWN (North America) OLD TOWN, CENTER OR DOWNTOWN (North America) NEW TOWN (NEW TOWN (ENSANCHE) ENSANCHE) OUTSKIRTSOUTSKIRTS

EUROPEAN URBANEUROPEAN URBAN STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

BILBAO

LEÓN

PAMPLONA

SAN SEBASTIÁN

VALENCIA

MADRID

URBAN LAND USE MODELSURBAN LAND USE MODELS

BURGESS ZONE MODEL APPLIED TO CHICAGO

HOYT SECTOR MODEL APPLIED TO MADRID

OLD TOWNCáceres

Bilbao

Salamanca

CITY CENTER IN AMERICANMODEL (DOWNTOWN)

Chicago

San Francisco

BOURGEOIS NEW TOWN

Barcelona

Madrid

Portugalete

MADRID AND BARCELONA CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS

Azca

La Diagonal

DIFFERENT MODELS OF NEW TOWN:LINEAR CITY

Huelva

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Zaragoza

Barcelona

Valladolid

OUTSKIRTS:NEIGHBORHOODS

MADRID SUBURBS, 60-70’s

Pozo del Tío Raimundo

El Pilar

Cuatro Torres Business Área (Madrid)

La Défense (Paris)

OUTSKIRTS: NEW C.B.D.

INDUSTRIAL OUTSKIRTS:Industrial estates, ring roads,

harbour areas

Vigo

OUTSKIRTS: Private estates, semidetached houses and garden city

Bilbao

Ayamonte

Córdoba (Arg.)

OUTSKIRTS SHANTYTOWNS: Cañada Real Galiana in Madrid

OUTSKIRTS:Rural-urban services

Shopping center (Bogotá)

Hospital (Córdoba)

Wholesale market (Alicante)

Greenhouses

URBAN EXPANSIONURBAN EXPANSION The extent of urban lifestyles The extent of urban lifestyles

and spaces occupied by the and spaces occupied by the cities has brought to large cities has brought to large urbanized areas, with different urbanized areas, with different structure: structure:

Metropolitan areas (Madrid, Metropolitan areas (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia, Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia, Sevilla) organized around a Sevilla) organized around a large city with several satellite large city with several satellite cities linked by a dense cities linked by a dense infrastructure network. The infrastructure network. The big city concentrates the more big city concentrates the more valuable tertiary and the area valuable tertiary and the area supports different uses of supports different uses of industrial, residential land or industrial, residential land or services. services.

Conurbation, or spatial union Conurbation, or spatial union of cities with a similar size of cities with a similar size (east coast of Guipuzcoa, (east coast of Guipuzcoa, Costa del Sol, Algeciras Bay).Costa del Sol, Algeciras Bay).

Urban area, diffuse Urban area, diffuse conurbation in which cities fail conurbation in which cities fail to bind spatially (Central to bind spatially (Central Asturias). Asturias).

Madrid southern metropolitan area

URBAN PROBLEMSURBAN PROBLEMS

1.1. Housing (deterioration and Housing (deterioration and derelict areas in the old town, derelict areas in the old town, land prices, real estate land prices, real estate speculation). speculation).

Water and light supplies, Water and light supplies, equipment (hospitals, cultural and equipment (hospitals, cultural and sporting centers, parks), that are sporting centers, parks), that are deficient in the neighborhoods. deficient in the neighborhoods.

Traffic and public transport.Traffic and public transport.

Air pollution, noise, sewage, Air pollution, noise, sewage, household garbage and industrial household garbage and industrial waste. waste.

Slums and crime, shantytowns, Slums and crime, shantytowns, overcrowding (more in LEDC overcrowding (more in LEDC cities).cities).

THESE PROBLEMS TO BE SETTLED BY THESE PROBLEMS TO BE SETTLED BY

THE LAND USE AND URBAN THE LAND USE AND URBAN PLANNING, every city must have a PLANNING, every city must have a General Urban Plan (PGOU) AS A General Urban Plan (PGOU) AS A GUIDE FOR GROWTH.GUIDE FOR GROWTH.

URBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM

It consists of a network of It consists of a network of interconnected cities. interconnected cities.

Every city has a size and a number Every city has a size and a number of functions within the system, of functions within the system, occupying a place in the urban occupying a place in the urban hierarchy. hierarchy.

City centers exert their influence City centers exert their influence over an area more or less extensive. over an area more or less extensive.

RANK-SIZE RULE In well-integrated systems of In well-integrated systems of

cities, it is a constant cities, it is a constant relationship between the size relationship between the size of settlements and their rank. of settlements and their rank. All settlements in a region are All settlements in a region are in descending order of in descending order of population or size from the population or size from the largest settlement. The largest settlement. The second settlement is expected second settlement is expected to be half the size of the first to be half the size of the first settlement, and the fifth settlement, and the fifth largest settlement is a fifth of largest settlement is a fifth of the first, as well with others. the first, as well with others.

Concave deviation: strong Concave deviation: strong predominance of the larger predominance of the larger settlement (the capital) for settlement (the capital) for political or economic reasons. political or economic reasons.

Convex deviation: poorly Convex deviation: poorly integrated system. integrated system.

In our case, the second In our case, the second settlement (Barcelona) is much settlement (Barcelona) is much greater than that generally greater than that generally corresponds to the second city. corresponds to the second city.

SPANISH URBAN SYSTEMSPANISH URBAN SYSTEM Is peripheral, despite the centrality of Madrid and Is peripheral, despite the centrality of Madrid and

its radial connections, partly because the inland its radial connections, partly because the inland demographic vacuum and the layout of the demographic vacuum and the layout of the mountains. mountains.

Predominance of intermediate and small towns, no Predominance of intermediate and small towns, no large conurbations (Bay of Cadiz and Algeciras, in large conurbations (Bay of Cadiz and Algeciras, in central Asturias, Guipuzcoa coast, Costa del Sol), central Asturias, Guipuzcoa coast, Costa del Sol), the largest are metropolitan areas (Madrid, the largest are metropolitan areas (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Malaga and Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Malaga and Zaragoza). Zaragoza).

No major inner axis around which to focus the No major inner axis around which to focus the nuclei, except the Ebro and the Guadalquivir. The nuclei, except the Ebro and the Guadalquivir. The highway of Castile is very new. highway of Castile is very new.

The larger the settlements, the more features and The larger the settlements, the more features and greater complexity they have. greater complexity they have.

ROLE OF THE CITIES IN THE ROLE OF THE CITIES IN THE

SYSTEMSYSTEM Some are linked to the primary sector: coalfields Some are linked to the primary sector: coalfields

of Asturias and Leon, Andalusian ruraltowns (oil), of Asturias and Leon, Andalusian ruraltowns (oil), La Mancha and La Rioja (wineries), Levante and La Mancha and La Rioja (wineries), Levante and Murcia (horticulture). Murcia (horticulture).

There are cities with clearly industrial functions There are cities with clearly industrial functions (Basque Country, Catalonia, Asturias, Navarra, (Basque Country, Catalonia, Asturias, Navarra, Madrid metropolitan area). Madrid metropolitan area).

Finally, major national cities (Madrid, Barcelona) Finally, major national cities (Madrid, Barcelona) specialize in business services, administrative or specialize in business services, administrative or cultural. In the provincial capitals with little cultural. In the provincial capitals with little industry, services also tend to predominate, and industry, services also tend to predominate, and there are some cities that specialize in certain there are some cities that specialize in certain types of tertiary activities: ports (Vigo, Algeciras, types of tertiary activities: ports (Vigo, Algeciras, Las Palmas), tourism (Benidorm, Marbella), Las Palmas), tourism (Benidorm, Marbella), universities (Salamanca), etc.universities (Salamanca), etc.

THE AREA OF INFLUENCE THE AREA OF INFLUENCE

AND URBAN HIERARCHYAND URBAN HIERARCHY

Cities supply of goods and Cities supply of goods and services to an area more or services to an area more or less extensive, depending less extensive, depending on their size and what are on their size and what are their specialized functions. their specialized functions.

The German geographer The German geographer Christaller (1933) tried to Christaller (1933) tried to implement a theoretical implement a theoretical model of what would be a model of what would be a balanced system of nuclei, balanced system of nuclei, but urban areas are never but urban areas are never as homogeneous: relief, as homogeneous: relief, borders or roads prevent it. borders or roads prevent it.