US History Topic 6

Chapter 25 Section 1Section 1

Migrating to the West

Topic 6

Reshaping America in the Early 1800s



Section 1

Moving West



Objectives

• Trace the settlement and development of the Spanish borderlands.

• Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.• Describe the causes and challenges of

westward migration.

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Terms and People

• Junipero Serra – Franciscan priest who set up a series of missions along the California coast

• expansionist – American who favored territorial growth

• Manifest Destiny – belief that God wanted the United States to own all of North America

• Santa Fe Trail – wagon trail trade route between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico


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Terms and People (continued)

• Mountain Men – American hunters and trappers who blazed trails into the Rockies in the early 1800s

• Oregon Trail – trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the mid-1800s

• Brigham Young – Mormon leader who brought his religious group to Utah in 1847

• Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 treaty that restricted the Plains Indians to territories away from the overland wagon routes


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What were the causes of westward migration?

By the 1840s, American migrants were crossing into Oregon and California seeking economic opportunity.

Soon, these and other western lands became part of the United States, helping the nation grow in both wealth and power.


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The Spanish founded New Mexico in 1598 but the area grew slowly.

• In 1765, there were 9,600 Hispanics, located mainly around El Paso, Santa Fe, and the Rio Grande Valley.

• Settlers were threatened by nomadic tribes on horseback, primarily the Apache.


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Texas was an under-populated buffer, protecting towns and mines of Mexico against nomadic raiders. In 1760, there were only 1,200 settlers, mostly around San Antonio.

Development was slow. By 1821 New Mexico still had only 40,000 settlers.

The Spanish built a mixture of missions, ranches, and fortified military presidios to protect against Indian attacks.


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Spanish Territory 1820


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• In the 1760s, a few small settlements served as a buffer against Russian traders moving south from Alaska.

• Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan priest, set up a string of missions to convert Indians.

• When Spain left in 1821, more than 18,000 Christian Indians lived in the missions.

At first, California developed very slowly.


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Manifest Destiny was the belief that God favored U.S. expansion westward to the Pacific.Expansionists saw Mexican independence as an opportunity to take New Mexico, Texas, and California.

American expansionists believed in the idea

of Manifest Destiny. John L. O’Sullivan, a journalist, coined the phrase in 1845.


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Expansionists did not care about Mexicans or Native Americans, whom they saw as inferiors to be pushed out of the way.

Southern expansionists also hoped to add new slave states to strengthen their position in Congress.


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The Mountain Men crossed the Rockies seeking beaver pelts.

They established fur trading routes later followed by wagon trains of settlers.

The first Americans attracted to the west were Mountain Men like Jedediah Smith who blazed trails across the Sierra Nevada into California.


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In 1836, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman established a trading post on what became the Oregon Trail. Many were attracted to Oregon’s Willamette Valley.

In 1842, John C. Freemont led an expedition following trails blazed by the Whitmans and the Mountain Men. His reports attracted settlers.

During the 1840s, 20,000 Americans migrated to California, Oregon, and Utah by covered wagon.


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The Oregon, Mormon, and Santa Fe Trails were popular routes west.

Between 1840 and 1860, 260,000 crossed the continent.


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Groups of 10–100 wagons and 50–1,000 people left Missouri in early spring for an uncertain future.

• The 2,000-mile trip took several months.• They by passed the dry Great Plains and the

deserts of the Great Basin.• Emigrants faced exposure, starvation, disease,

poisoned streams and hostile Indians.• The Donner Party resorted to cannibalism to

survive blizzards in the Sierra Nevada.


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• In 1847, Brigham Young brought them to Utah where they established New Zion.

• By 1860, there were 40,000 Mormons living near Great Salt Lake.

• Young remained the group’s leader for 30 years, including eight as territorial governor of Utah.

The Mormons migrated west after an Illinois mob murdered their spiritual leader Joseph Smith.


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• Settlers traveling west generally avoided the Native Americans.

• The Plains Indians attempted to cling to their nomadic way of life, but their future was limited.

• In 1851, the Treaty of Fort Laramie restricted Native Americans from areas near wagon routes.

The federal government sought to protect settlers by restricting the Plains Indians.


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Westward Migration, 1840s

WesternTrail

Number of Settlers Destination When

California Trail 2,700 California 1842–1848

Mormon Trail 4,600 Utah 1847–1848

Oregon Trail 11,500 Oregon 1842–1848


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Section 2

Texas and the Mexican-American War


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• Explain how Texas won independence from Mexico.

• Analyze the goals of President Polk.• Trace the causes and outcome of the

Mexican–American War.

Objectives


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Terms and People

• Stephen Austin – leader of American emigrants who settled in Austin, Texas

• Antonio López de Santa Anna – charismatic general who seized power of Mexico in 1834

• autonomy – independent control over one’s affairs• Lone Star Republic – new nation created by

Texans in 1835• Alamo – Texas garrison where Santa Anna executed

all the defenders following battle in 1836


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• Sam Houston – Texas army commander, President, territorial governor, and later senator

• James K. Polk – Southern Democrat and expansionist elected President in 1844

• Zachary Taylor – general who led troops at the borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846

• Winfield Scott – general who invaded Mexico winning at Vera Cruz in 1847


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How did the revolution in Texas lead to war with Mexico?

American expansionists sought new territory in the South and West, making conflict with Mexico seem inevitable.

The flashpoint for conflict became Texas. The resulting war vastly increased the size of the United States.


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• accept Mexican citizenship.• worship in the Catholic Church.• follow the Mexican Constitution,

which did not permit slavery.

American expansionists had their eyes on Texas. Only 4,000 Hispanic Tejanos lived there in 1821.

Mexico sought to defend and to develop Texas by inviting settlers. They offered inexpensive land on three conditions. Settlers had to:


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• Led by Stephen F. Austin, 30,000 Anglo-Texans outnumbered the Tejanos six-to-one by 1835.

• Many brought slaves and ignored the Church. • In 1834, Antonio López de Santa Anna

seized power in Mexico City, seeking greater centralized control. But Texans wanted more autonomy.

American settlers arrived, but tensions grew as Americans ignored the Mexican government.


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• In 1835, Texans declared independence for the Lone Star Republic.

• Santa Anna personally led a siege of Texan forces at the Alamo in San Antonio.

• After twelve days, he stormed the mission and executed any surviving defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett.


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Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs. “Remember the Alamo,” became the Texans’ rallying cry.Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer and joined the Texans.

Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad and again executed prisoners, in an attempt to frighten Texas into surrender.


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Sam Houston led a counter-attack.At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was defeated and taken prisoner.

Houston later became president of theLone Star Republic.

After statehood in 1845, Houstonserved as governor and then asU.S. Senator from Texas.


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Fearing execution, Santa Anna signed a treaty expanding the Texas border to the Rio Grande and giving half of New Mexico to the Texans.

• The Mexican government refused to honor this treaty demanding a return to the original border at the Nuecos River.

• Fighting would persist for ten years over the disputed borderlands.


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Britain did not concede all of the territory. Rather then fight, Polk made a deal to split Oregon and extend the 49th parallel border with Canada to the Pacific Ocean. Northerners felt betrayed.

In 1844, expansionist James K. Polk was elected president on a promise to obtain both Oregon and Texas.In Congress, northern Democrats reluctantly agreed to annex Texas if all of Oregon was also added.


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• President Polk claimed all land as far as the Rio Grande, tripling the previous size of Texas.

• General Zachary Taylor was sent to occupy these border lands.

• Mexico objected to the granting of statehood to Texas and saw statehood as an invasion of Mexican territory.

The United States annexed Texas in 1845, leading to war with Mexico.


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• Southern Democrats favored war, while Northern Whigs felt that Polk deliberately provoked Mexico.

• The war was popular in the United States.• Whigs dropped their opposition, fearing they

would be labeled disloyal as the Federalists were for opposing the War of 1812.

When Mexican patrols killed American soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico.


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The U.S. had many advantages, including greater wealth and a better-equipped military.

General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming campaign in Mexico from Veracruz to Chapultepec, forcing Santa Anna to abandon his capital Mexico City and the war.

The United States easily defeated Mexico.


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Map of theMexican– American War


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Section 3

America Achieves Manifest Destiny


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• Explain the effects of the Mexican–American War on the United States.

• Trace the causes and effects of the California Gold Rush.

• Describe the political impact of California’s application for statehood.

Objectives


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Terms and People

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement formally ending the Mexican–American War, included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S.

• Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S.

• Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico

• California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold seekers into California in 1848 and 1849


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• forty-niners – those attracted to California by the Gold Rush in 1849

• placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers

• hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold


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What were the effects of the Mexican–American War and the California Gold Rush?

The quick victory in the Mexican–American War and gold in California fed into the expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny.

The war also highlighted growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for future conflict.


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• Mexico had to sell a third of its territory to the United States (1.2 million square miles).

• For $15 million, the U.S. obtained California and New Mexico. The Texas border was set at the Rio Grande River.

• Mexico was humiliated and remained bitter toward the United States for decades.

As a resultof the loss, Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.


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In 1853, the United States made the Gadsden Purchase.

• Territory in southern Arizona and New Mexico was purchased from Mexico as a potential route for a transcontinental railroad.

• The lands obtained from Mexico increased the area of the United States by a third.

• The land formed New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and half of Colorado.


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• In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso suggested a ban on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico.

• The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along sectional lines.

• The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before Congress, which for decades tried avoid the topic.

Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused a debate over the expansion of slavery.


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In 1848, gold was foundat Sutter’s Mill on the American River near Sacramento, California.

The resulting California Gold Rush brought a mass-migration of 80,000 fortune hunters west.

They were called forty-niners. Half traveled overland; the rest either sailed around South America or to Panama, where they crossed the isthmus and caught ships up the coast.


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The Gold Rush attracted miners from South America and China. California’s population grew from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852.

The first miners used metal pans, shovels and picks to find gold along river banks. Few became wealthy using this method, called placer mining.Merchants and traders made more money selling goods to the miners than the miners earned themselves.


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Life in the mining camps was crude and rough. Many died of disease, especially cholera and dysentery.Fights and violence were common. Only a few of the miners were women.


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• Mining soon mechanized to make it more efficient. One method was to divert a river or stream to expose the river bed.

• Hydraulic mining employed jets of water to erode gravel hills into long lines of sluices which caught the gold.

Hydraulic mining left heavy sediments in the river and caused a great deal of environmental damage.


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The “democratic” era in the gold fields did not last long. Individual prospectors were soon replaced by wealthy investors paying wages.

Some tried “hard rock” mining, where men searched for gold in deep tunnels supported by wooden posts and beams.Gold mining soon became too expensive for individual miners.


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White miners quickly asserted control in California.

Minorities faced violence in the gold fields and discrimination in the courts.Native Americans were killed or lost their land. Others found work on farms and ranches.Old Mexican land titles were generally ignored. Most of the original Californians were dispossessed.The Chinese were targeted by a foreign miner’s tax and mob violence.Mexicans also had to pay a foreign miner’s tax.


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San Francisco became the gateway to the California gold fields. After 1848, the city grew rapidly from a tiny Spanish settlement into the major west coast American city.

Growth of San FranciscoYear Population

1848 800 1849 25,0001852 36,0001860 57,000

Source: CIA World Factbook Online


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Most Californians opposed slavery so California’s admission as a free state would tip the 15 slave and 15 free state balance in the U.S. Senate.

Debate over the spread of slavery into the territories obtained from Mexico became a leading cause of the Civil War.

By October 1849, California prepared toseek admission into the Union.


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Section 5

The Abolition Movement


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• Describe the lives of enslaved and free African Americans in the 1800s.

• Identify the leaders and tactics of the abolition movement.

• Summarize the opposition to abolition.

Objectives


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Terms and People

• freedman – a former or freed slave• Nat Turner – led a Virginia slave revolt in 1831

that killed nearly 60 people before he and his followers were caught and executed

• abolition movement – reform movement for the abolition or end of slavery

• William Lloyd Garrison – editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator


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Terms and People (continued)• Frederick Douglass – escaped slave who

spoke passionately about his experiences, also published in his autobiography Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass

• Gag Rule – 1836 law that prohibited the debate or discussion of slavery in Congress


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How did reformers try to help enslaved people?

In the early and mid-1880s, reformers tried to improve life through campaigns to help children, families, and disadvantaged adults.

Soon, some reformers also set out to help enslaved African Americans.


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• By 1830, there were 2 million African American slaves in the South.

• One in three slaves was under the age of ten.

• Most did back-breaking labor: cultivating cotton fields, loading freight, or working in hot kitchens.

As the South’s cotton-based economy grew, so did its reliance on slavery.


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• Brutal overseers enforced work routines with whipping, beating, maiming, and humiliation.

• Often, the basics for survival, including clothing, food, and shelter, were barely provided.

• Family members were often separated, and slaves could not be taught to read or write.


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Most slaves found ways to maintain their hope and dignity.

• Thousands escaped to the North or to Mexico using a network of paths and safe houses called the Underground Railroad.

• Many relied on their religious faith, based on a mix of traditional African and Christian beliefs.

• Others resisted their bondage by breaking tools or outwitting overseers.


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Some slaves fought back. Over 200 slave revolts occurred in the first half of the 1800s.

• In 1822, freedman Denmark Vesey plotted a huge uprising near Charleston. He and dozens of accomplices were captured and hanged.

• In 1831, slave Nat Turner and his co-conspirators killed 60 whites near Richmond, Virginia. Turner, who acted on what he believed was a sign from God, was executed.

Undeterred, slaves still resisted their captivity. Many people in the North joined their cause.


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By the early 1800s, there was a growing antislavery or abolition movement in the North.

By 1804, all states north of Marylandoutlawed slavery.

In 1807, the importation of new slaves was outlawed.


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• In 1816, the American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed to encourage slaves to return to Africa.

• The ACS established the colony of Liberia in Africa. By 1830, more than 1,100 freedmen had relocated.

• Many freedmen distrusted the ACS, fearing that colonization was a plan to exile able black leaders.

As Northern states began to abolish slavery, the number of freed slaves, or freedmen, grew.


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Religious individuals fostered the growth of the abolition movement.

Pamphleteer, David Walker, a free African American, called slavery incompatible with the Second Great Awakening’s religious teachings.Baltimore Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, printed the first antislavery newspaper.

William Lloyd Garrison, a leader of the abolitionist movement, began his own newspaper in 1831—The Liberator.


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Garrison used dramatic arguments called “moral suasion” to advocate for immediate freedom and full political and social rights for African Americans.

By 1840, over 150,000 belonged to abolition groups, such as the American Anti-Slavery Society.


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In 1845, Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, published his autobiography Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

An eloquent and stirring speaker, he later became an advisor to Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.


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• They maintained that northern textile mills also depended on southern cotton.

• They claimed that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.

• They declared that slavery was supported by the Bible.

Southerners defended slavery from abolitionist attacks.


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• Anti-abolitionist leaders pressed harder in their defense of slavery in the South.

• Post offices refused to deliver abolitionist newspapers.

As abolitionist rhetoric grew more strident, Southern support formanumission decreased.

Even Southerners who did not own slaves saw slavery as vital to their way of life.


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• White workers feared that freedmen were going to take their jobs.

• Northern businessmen resented black competitors.

• Factory owners worried about the loss of Southern cotton for their mills.

Most northernerswere also opposed to abolition.


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Politicians from both regions passed the Gag Rule in 1836. It prohibited debate or discussion on slavery in Congress.

Most in the North disliked southerners, but did not care to fight over slavery.

Abolition and slavery continued to drive a wedge between the increasingly industrialized and urban North and the rural agricultural South.


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Section 6

Women Work for Change


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• Identify the limits faced by American women in the early 1800s.

• Trace the development of the women’s movement.

• Describe the Seneca Falls Convention and its effects.

Objectives


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Terms and People • matrilineal – when inheritance is passed down

through the female side of the family• Sojourner Truth – former slave from New York

who gave spellbinding speeches on slavery• women’s movement – movement beginning in

the mid-1800s in the United States that sought greater rights and opportunities for women

• Lucretia Mott – abolitionist who was angered by the lack of equality for women; co-organizer the Seneca Falls Convention


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• Elizabeth Cady Stanton – abolitionist who pushed for suffrage; co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention

• Seneca Falls Convention – held in New York in 1848, the first women’s rights convention in the United States

• Amelia Bloomer – publisher of The Lily who advocated for complete equality, including in dress; long pants worn under a skirt were nicknamed “Bloomers” in her honor


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• suffrage – the right to vote

• Married Women’s Property Act – 1848 New York State law that guaranteed greater property rights for women; used as a model in other states



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What steps did American women take to advance their rights in the mid-1800s?

In the early and mid-1800s, women took active roles in the abolition and other reform movements.

Some also worked to gain equality for women, laying the groundwork for the equal rights struggle over the next hundred years.


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• Women could not own property.

• Women rarely received a formal education.

• Women were deprived of the right to vote.

• Women could not hold office.

In the 1800s, women’s rightsand freedoms rights were severely limited.

Women contributed to society privately by influencing their husbands and raising good children.


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Some cultural groups living in America,Native American, African Americans, and Mexican Americans,traditionally allowed women more power and freedom.

Some were also matrilineal societies, which permitted women to inherit family property and names.

Most American women were denied these rights.


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New opportunities for women grew from the Second Great Awakening reform movements.

Many women joined church-sponsored reform groups.

Women played key roles in reforming the treatment of the mentally ill, public education, abolition, and temperance.

Similarities in the plight of women and of slaves led many abolitionists to support women’s rights.


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Famous women reformers included:

• Public School Movement: Catherine Beecher, Emma Willard, Ann Preston, and Elizabeth Blackwell

• Treatment of mentally ill: Dorothea Dix (at right)

• Abolition: Sojourner Truth, Angelina and Sarah Grimké


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Industrialization brought women into the workplace in the 1820s and 1830s.

• Factories and mills provided the first jobs that women held outside of the home.

• Though their pay was lower than men’s, and their husbands or fathers typically collected their wages, women developed a new degree of independence.

By the 1830s, some women had even joined labor unions and participated in strikes.


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Still, little changed in the status of women until two trends coincided in the 1830s.

Urban middle class women began to hire poor women to do their housework, allowing them time for activism.

Women working for abolition began to compare their own condition with that of slaves.


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The women’s movement began when a few men and women questioned the lack of rights and opportunities for women.

• In Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women, the Grimké sisters argued that God made men and women equal.

• In Women in the Nineteenth Century, Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller argued that men and women were intellectually equal.


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Lucretia Mott had helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society.

At an abolitionist convention in London, Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were outraged by the limits placed on their participation in the proceedings.

A few women advocated full equality.Two that did were active abolitionists.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton


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• Hundreds of men and women attended, including Frederick Douglass.

• Delegates adopted a “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

In 1848, Mott and Stanton organized the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls.

Although it produced few real changes in women’s rights, the convention marked the beginning of the women’s movement in the United States.


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Amelia Bloomer was so inspired at Seneca Falls that she went on to publish her own newspaper, The Lily, advocating women’s equality.She also advocated equality in dress: long pants worn under a shorter skirt came to be called “bloomers” after her.

Also inspired by the convention was Susan B. Anthony, who would go on to become a leader in the suffrage movement—the most critical of all women’s rights.


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In 1848, New York passed the Married Women’s Property Act, guaranteeing women property rights for the first time.

This act became a model for laws enacted in other states for many years.

By the mid-1800s, a new course was set. Their gains were small and slowly won, but women’s fight for equality had begun.

Education

US History Topic 6