FISH HEART

REPTILES HEART

HUMAN HEART

COMPARISON OF VERTEBRATE HEART

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELL

Transport Transport gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the

lungs and rest of the body Transport nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the

body Transport waste products to be detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys Transport hormones from the glands in which they are produced to their target

cells Transport heat to the skin so as to help regulate body temperature

Protection Leukocytes, or white blood cells, destroy invading microorganisms and cancer

cells Antibodies and other proteins in the blood destroy pathogenic substances Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimize blood loss

Regulation Regulate pH by interacting with acids and bases Regulate water balance by transferring water to and from tissues

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS

Erythocytes (or RBC)-Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide-Act as buffer and maintain acid-base balance

Leukocytes (or WBC)-Form a protective, movable army that help defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells

Neutrophils (type of WBC)-Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short term or acute infections

Eosinophils (type of WBC)-Allergic response & attack parasites-Kill parasitic warms; increase during allergy attacks; might phagocytizeantigen-antibody complexes and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS

Basophils (type of WBC)

-Release histamine in allergic attack & first response until more WBCs arrive-Granules contain histamine which is discharged at sites of inflammation

Lymphocytes (type of WBC)

-Role is to attack infections, virus & early stage cancer-Part of immune system; one group(B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B lymphocytes

Monocytes (type of WBC)

-Eat up large particles-Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long term "clean up team"; increase in number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS

Platelets

-Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area; help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels

Albumin (types of plasma)

-Maintains osmotic pressure of the blood, preventing plasma from leaking into the tissues

Globulin (types of plasma)

-Have many functions, such as transporting other substances and, as antibodies, protecting the body against infection

Fibrinogen (types of plasma)

-An inactive protein that is activated to form fibrin