Amit Chauhan - MSc. Environmental Science

Part- I

Lecture 1:

Birla College, University of Mumbai.

About my self!

• Amit Gopal Chauhan• BSc. Botany & Environmental

Science, Birla College, 1997• Master’s in Environmental

Management, Shivaji University, 2000

• MSc. Environmental Assessment and Evaluation, LSE, 2004

My resent work

•The Green Rating Project in India – A Perfect Note but an, Incomplete Symphony!

I want to know you people well before proceeding further!( is it possible?)

If I could know your Name, previous study, any publication?, why did you chose this subject?, what are you going to do after your MSc.? One crisp statement about your goal in life!

What you will be learning?

• Hydrological Cycle• Remote Sensing• Inventories of Natural Resources• Lithosphere and its characteristics• Natural Disasters

What I want you to do ?

• Before the lecture –

• Go through the readings before the lecture.

• Think an form a view point before coming for the lecture

• After the lecture –• If not then after

the lecture.• Reflect upon the

topic and try to relate it with current/ recent / practical examples within the country and international.

Things I would expect form both of us

• Collect and share readings • Speak up and put forward your

arguments openly without any hesitation.

• Discuss and clear doubts about the learning right away. Alternatively during the time allotted as office hours.

• Communicate via email.• Correct references

What I would not Expect from you?

• Communicating within your self during the lecture

• Arrive late for lecture. (first 10 minutes is occasionally acceptable)

• Not give your seminar.• Not writing enough essays• Not attending the mock test

Any Questions?

Seminar• Each student will give

one seminar of 20 minutes each.

• Each seminar will followed by 10 minutes of question and answer session.

• Good presentation skills, with balanced, full coverage of relevant sub-topics is expected.

• Alternatively, you can combine two topics and give a seminar collectively (a team of two) within 35 minutes.

• Topics in focus of seminars will not be dealt in lectures so please give full references with exhaustive coverage.

Essays

• Each student is to give an written essay of not more then 2500 words by December 7, 2004. There will be four choices. The questions will be given within two weeks .i.e. by 29th September.

• Broader coverage of topics, good appreciation of literature, quantitative & qualitative data compilation, with full references and original insights.

Mock test

• Depends on you, “to have it or not to have it?”

• When? You say it we shall have it.• Time, Sixty minutes, one question

out of a possible combination of four.

• I would suggest at least one month prior to exams. Rest is up to you.

Importance of water(cycle)!

• Life support ability.• Most versatile as well as necessary of

man’s materials.• Nutrient transport; weathering; patterns

of concentration always changing.• 95% bounded chemically into rocks;

97.3% of the remaining 5% in ocean; 2.1% as polar caps/ glaciers; remaining is fresh including liquid and vapor state.

• Ground water cycle the longest.

Hydrological Cycle

• The water that is not locked up as permanent ice is continually moving through various pathways on the atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, and this set of natural flows is called the hydrological cycle.

• Two Natural Cycles: Long & short• Short: Sea water/Fresh water Evoporation

Condensation Presipitation.• Long: Surface runoff; percolation/infiltration; evapo-

transpiration;ground water;

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

A Summary of Global Hydrological Cycle ( assuming 100 water

units)• 77 84 7 16 23

Sea Horizontal advection of water vapor and clouds Land

Precipitation Evaporation Evapo transpitration

over ocean from ocean Precipitation

over land

surface runoff and through flow• 77 84 7 16 23

Source: Environmental Remote Sensing, by Barrett & Curtis, 1999.

The major components of the hydrologic cycle are:

• Evapo-transpiration• Condensation• Precipitation• Infiltration • Percolation• Runoff

The Water Balance Equation.

Q = (P – E) + (S + T)Where: Q = Stream flow, P = precipitation,

E = evapotranspiration, S= net change in storage and T= net underground (influent –

effluent) transfers.

Water Distribution on Earth

• Total Volume of Water: 1,357,506,000 km³• Of which we find 1,320,000,000 km³(97.2%) in the

ocean; 29,000,000 km³ ( 2.15%) Frozen; 8,506,000 km³(0.65%) Fresh(Atmosphere, Land)

• The fresh water is found as 4,150,000 km³ (48.77%) Ground water( >0.8 km deep); 4,150,000 km³;Ground water (<0.8km deep); 13,000 km³ (0.16%) Vapour in atmosphere; 67,000 km³ (0.8%) Soil and moisture seepage; 126,259 km³ (1.5) lakes, rivers, streams (I.e. runoff = 0.009% of total world water).

• Source: van der Leeden 1975.

Hutchinson, (1957) in Rana S.V.S. (2003) estimates water in various parts of

the world as• Primary lithosphere: 250,000 X 1020

• Ocean: 13,800 X 1020

• Sedimentary rocks: 2,100 X 1020

• Polar caps & other ice: 167 X 1020

• Circulating ground water 2.5 X 1020

• Inland waters 0.25 X 1020

• Atmospheric water vapor 0.13 X 1020

Total: 266,069.88 X 1020

Moisture balance equation

P + I = E + R + D + S

Where: P is precipitation, I is irrigation water added, E is evapotranspiration, R is run-off, D is drainage to bedrock and S

is the change is soil moisture content.

Annual Water

Resources India

Total Precipitation 400 million hectare meters

Immediate evaporation

70 million hectare meters

Run off to Surface water bodies

115 million hectare meters

Percolation into soil

215 million hectare meters

Water utilization 90 million hectare meters

Ground water contribution

25 million hectare meters

Surface flows 50 million hectare meters

Source: Indian

Economy 2003.

Water budget India

• 14 Major rivers, 44 medium, 55 minor river systems. Comparatively poorly developed catchments areas. Ground water ample only in northern and costal areas.

• Average annual rainfall: 1100 m.m

Dr. Chidambaram’s Provisions 2004

• Panchayats to be given powers to manage drinking water schemes

• 2,610 crores given for rural drinking water • Pilot projects to link water bodies in 5 districts • Rs 30,000 cr per year to be spent on water related

projects • Delhi in India is predicted to run out of

groundwater by 2015 at current usage rates.

On Natural Hydrological Cycle see

• http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/earth/hydrocycle/hydro1.html

• http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/ground/src/cycle.htm

• http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/modules/hydrosphere/hydrosphere_title_page.html

• http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html• http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_

facts/river.html• http://www.kidsfortigers.org/teachers/lesson3.

pdf

On Socio-Political Issues on water in India / World

• http://www.infochangeindia.org/ItanddIstory.jsp?recordno=194&section_idv=9

• http://www.waterobservatory.org/• http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/• http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/index.htm• http://www.worldwaterforum.org/• http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP• http://www.unep.org/themes/freshwater/• http://www.unesco.org/water/• http://193.194.138.190/html/menu2/6/water/index.htm• http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001295/129556e.pdf• http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/• http://www.iwsd.co.zw/• http://63.135.115.158/article.asp?id=669• http://www.networkideas.org/focus/sep2002/Water.pdf• http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/1035.html

Continued:• http://www.ifpri.org/• http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/home/drought.htm• http://www.panda.org/downloads/freshwater/runningpurereport.pdf• http://www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/190_filename_globalwater_eng.pdf• http://www.blueplanetproject.net/• http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Assessment/files/pdf/BluePaper.pdf• http://www.iucn.org/themes/law/pdfdocuments/EPLP51EN.pdf• http://www.cohre.org/water• http://www.thewaterpage.com/• http://www.leadindia.org/html/dropsoflife.html• http://www.waterforfood.org/• http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/water/default.asp?iso3=IND&search=search• http://www.worldrevolution.org/guidepage/water/literature• http://www.worldwatch.org/

Human Interference

• Soil pollution due to irrigation• Sewage; surface water runoff; eutriphication.• Industrial discharges• Ground water pollution; Marine water pollution;

effecting estuarine and coral population• Aggravates soil erosion/landslides (Sheet/Rill/

Gully erosion)• Disease spread ( cholera, typhoid, dysentery)

How we influence the water cycle?

• Global warming – climate change, reducing the ice caps/glaciers there by using up the potential source of fresh water.

• Urban influence – reducing the water holding capacity of soil, increasing vulnerability for floods/ inviting drought’s after floods. Eutrophication of lakes.

• Rural influence – raising the potential for irreparable damage to the ground water table, worsening the situation during the drought, soil alkalinity, desertification.

Influence continued..

• Industrial influence – polluting fresh water sources, potentially to affect biodiversity, any other?

• Population influence – less and less for more and more, day by day. Ground water pollution, every other influence you can think of.

• Life style - spend thrift Jacuzzi. Rahul…Paani Chala Jayega.

Do we really need to worry about it?

• Water wars?• Connecting rivers?• Large dams vs. Small check dams/ KT wears?• Any examples of lost civilizations cause of too

much or too little of water?• Which country imports drinking water?• Will technology come to rescue?• Or will policy and social change will help?• Is big beautiful or small?