Water Use Analysis & Water Intensity Comparison

Water Use Analysis and Water Intensity ComparisonStephen Goodwin

Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringColorado State University

Basic Water and Energy Use Model

FormationOil Gas Water

Drilling Water

Hydraulic Fracturing

Water

Flowback Water

ProducedWater

Deep Well Injection

Oil Recovered

Gas Recovered

Drilling Energy

Hydrualic Fracturing

Energy

Transportation Energy

Water Reuse Model

WaterTreatment

Drilling Water


Water

Flowback Water

ProducedWater


Drilling Energy


Energy

Oil Recovered

Gas Recovered

Transportation Energy

Deep Well Injection

WaterReuse

Treatment Energy

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Water Intensity

Drilling Water


Water

Flowback Water

ProducedWater


Deep Well Injection

Drilling Energy


Energy

Oil Recovered

Gas Recovered

WaterTreatment

WaterReuse

Treatment Energy

Water Intensity

Transportation Energy Water

IntensityNet Water Consumed (Gallons)Net Energy Recovered (MMBtu)

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Reducing Water Intensity

Optimize water management with transportation, piping, and locating permanent and mobile treatment facility. (Ashwin Dhanasekar)

Temporal and spatial characterization of flowback and produced water quality and volumes to determine what water can be treated. (Bing Bai)

Optimize treatment approaches and dilution with modeling and bench-scale testing. (Ryan Hutcherson and Nasim Esmaeilirad)

Reduce water use for drilling and hydraulic fracturing

Reduce energy use for drilling and hydraulic fracturing

Increase energy recovery

CSU’s Center for Energy Water Sustainability Research

Other Possibilities Indirectly Addressed by CSU Research

How much water is required to drill and hydraulically fracture a well in Northern Colorado?

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Water Use: Sampling

WELD

LARIMER

ADAMS

MORGAN

BOULDER

ARAPAHOE

JEFFERSON

GILPIN

DENVER

CLEAR CREEK

GRAND

BROOMFIELD

LegendExtended horizontal wells sampled

Horizontal wells sampled

Vertical wells sampled

Wattenberg Field (as defined by the COGCC on July 1, 2013)

WELD

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BOULDER

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JEFFERSON

GILPIN

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CLEAR CREEK

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BROOMFIELD





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ADAMS

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BOULDER

ARAPAHOE

JEFFERSON

GILPIN

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CLEAR CREEK

GRAND

BROOMFIELD





decisions regarding future water and energy development. Theobjective of this study is to provide a detailed assessment ofcurrent water use and to determine the factors that have thestrongest influence on the total water use per well. These factorsinclude the well type (vertical, horizontal, or extended horizon-tal), number of hydraulic fracturing stages, water use (drillingor hydraulic fracturing), temporal, and spatial distribution.

2. Method

The wells included in the water use analysis are limited towells located in the Wattenberg field, drilled between January1, 2010 to July 1, 2013, and operated by Noble Energy, Inc.(Noble) with complete water use records available. For thisstudy, the Wattenberg field is defined by the Colorado Oil GasConservation Commission’s (COGCC) GIS shape file accessedon July 1, 2013 (Figure 1). To best assess current water require-ments and predict future demands only wells drilled after 2010are included in the study. Noble is the largest operator in theWattenberg field.

WELD

LARIMER

ADAMS

MORGAN

BOULDER

ARAPAHOE

JEFFERSON

GILPIN

DENVER

CLEAR CREEK

GRAND

BROOMFIELD





WELD

LARIMER

ADAMS

MORGAN

BOULDER

ARAPAHOE

JEFFERSON

GILPIN

DENVER

CLEAR CREEK

GRAND

BROOMFIELD





Figure 1: The spatial distribution of sampled wells used in this study. Sampledvertical wells are shown in green, sampled horizontal wells are shown in blue,and extended horizontal wells are shown in red. The Wattenberg field as definedby the COGCC on July 1, 2013 is shown in tan.

A total of 1,227 wells are included (Table 1) and categorizedusing: A) drilling water consumed; B) hydraulic water con-sumed; C) total water consumed; D) well type (vertical, hor-izontal, or extended horizontal); E) hydraulic fracturing stagesor distance; F) hydraulic fracturing fluid; G) well coordinates;H) year; and I) target formation, if available.

Water use is categorized as either drilling or hydraulic frac-turing water. Water used to drill the well, prepare the borehole,

Table 1: The count of sampled wells separated by year and well type.Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontal

2010 181 6 02011 408 69 02012 227 196 22013 5 120 13Total 821 391 15

and set the casings is defined as drilling water. Water used tofracture the shale, carry the proppant, and flush the well is de-fined as hydraulic fracturing water.

Drilling and hydraulic fracturing water consumption recordsfor each well are collected using Noble Energy’s WellViewsoftware [9] and separated by year. WellView is part of thePeloton suite of software used for collecting and organizing oilfield data. Drilling and hydraulic fracturing reports are addedto WellView by a Noble employee that is on-location at eachdrilling and hydraulic fracturing site. The water consumptiontotals are verified by Noble Energy’s accounting departmentand any conflict of values between the field operations and theaccounting department are reconciled in WellView. The wa-ter use data was downloaded from Noble Energy’s WellViewsoftware on July 1, 2013. The drilling and hydraulic fracturingwater use are summed, if both are available, to estimate the totalwater consumed.

Wells are by separated by type (vertical, horizontal, or ex-tended horizontal) using Noble’s well naming system or thenumber of hydraulic fracturing stages, if available. Directionaland deviated wells are categorized as vertical wells for thisstudy because of similar water requirements. Horizontal wellsare separated from extended horizontal wells by Noble’s wellnaming system or the number of hydraulic fracturing stagesused when available. A horizontal well will typically be hy-draulically fractured in 20 stages. Recently, Noble has drilledand hydraulically fractured longer horizontal wells that can in-clude over 40 stages to hydraulically fracture. Horizontal wellsthat require over 30 hydraulic fracturing stages are defined asas extended horizontal wells in this study.

The type of hydraulic fracturing fluid used and the numberof hydraulic fracturing stages per well are collected from No-ble Energy’s WellView software. The well coordinates, year,and target formation are all collected COGCC’s online facili-ties database.

An Anderson-Darling test [10] is used to test the normalityof each subset of data. The di↵erence between water use foreach subset of data is tested using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. A Dunn- Sidak post-hoc comparison [11] is usedto compare any di↵erences between samples that are found us-ing the Kruskal-Wallis test. A 95% confidence interval is usedthroughout the analysis. The number of hydraulic fracturingstages is correlated using a simple linear regression. A coef-ficient of determination is used to measure how well the re-gression correlates the hydraulic fracturing water use and thenumber of stages. Spatial autocorrelations are measured withArcGIS Spatial Analyst tool [12] using Moran’s I with inverse

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Water use (million gallons)

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Total water use by well type

Vertical wellsHorizontal wellsExtended horizontal wellsdistance weighting and a 95% confidence interval.

942 wells have both drilling or hydraulic fracturing waterand are included in the study. Wells that are drilled but nothydraulically fractured (260 sampled wells) are typically con-ventional wells recovering from an oil and gas trap. Wells thatare hydraulically fractured but not drilled (25 sampled wells)are typically existing wells that are reworked or restimulatedusing hydraulic fracturing.

3. Results

A Kruskal-Wallis test reveals there is a significant di↵er-ence between the median total water use for vertical, horizon-tal, and extended horizontal wells (�2(2)=609, p<0.05). Dunn-Sidak post-hoc comparisons of the total water for the three wellgroups indicates that vertical wells (Mdn=360,000) use signif-icantly less total water than either horizontal (Mdn=2,891,000)or extended horizontal wells (Mdn=6,578,000). There is not asignificant di↵erence between the total water use between hor-izontal and extended horizontal wells.

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Water use (million gallons)

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Total water use by well type

Vertical wellsHorizontal wellsExtended horizontal wells

Figure 2: The distribution of drilling and hydraulic fracturing water use for ver-tical, horizontal, and extended horizontal wells is illustrated with a histogram.Vertical wells are shown in green, horizontal wells are shown in blue, and ex-tended horizontal wells are shown in red.

Table 2: Descriptive statistics for total water use separated by well type.Total Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontalQ1 332,900 2,607,000 6,391,000Q2 360,000 2,891,000 6,578,000Q3 462,900 3,168,000 7,096,000IQR 129,000 561,600 704,800

Skewness 9.1 2.9 -2.0Kurtosis 99 20 5.0

Hydraulic fracturing uses the majority of the total water forall of the well types. For vertical wells, a median value of 81%(Q1=77%, Q3=85%) of the total water is used for hydraulic

fracturing. Horizontal and extended horizontal wells use a me-dian value of 96% (Q1=95%, Q3=96%) and 98% (Q1=97%,Q3=98%) for hydraulic fracturing, respectively.

The total water use for horizontal and extended horizon-tal wells correlates (r2=0.66) to the number of stages used tohydraulically fracture each well (Figure 3). Wells defined ashorizontal wells (less than 30 stages) are shown in blue re-gion and the wells defined as extended horizontal wells areshown in the red region. A linear regression using a least-squares linear fit is shown as a red line (Total water use in gal-lons=156,000x(Number of stages)-144,000).

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Number of hydraulic fracturing stages

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raul

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) Horizontal wells Extended horizontal wells

Figure 3: A simple linear regression between the number of hydraulic fracturingstages and the volume of hydraulic fracturing water used is shown with the redline. Horizontal wells (less than 30 stages) are shown in the blue region andextended horizontal wells are shown in the red region.

When the total water use for horizontal and extended hor-izontal wells are normalized to the number of hydraulic frac-turing stages, the distribution of the total water per hydraulicfracturing stage is similar (Figure 4). When vertical wells arenormalized to the vertical distance of the hydraulic fracturingthere is not a correlation between the total water use (r2=0.081)or hydraulic fracturing water use (r2=0.073).

Vertical wells are significantly influenced by the type of hy-draulic fracturing fluid used. The normalized hydraulic fractur-ing water use is significantly less for gelled fractures (Mdn=544gallons per foot) than slickwater fractures (Mdn=1,340 gallonsper foot) for vertical wells (�2(1)=42.4, p<0.05). Horizontalwells do not have enough slickwater data to compare gelled andslickwater hydraulic fracturing water use.

Only the total water use for vertical wells shows any sig-nificant temporal variation (�2(3)=13.09, p<0.05) . The to-tal water use for vertical wells has decreased slightly from2011 (Mdn=362,000) to 2012 (Mdn=352,000). Horizontal(�2(3)=6.03, p=.01103) or extended horizontal (�2(3)=2.45,p=0.117) wells do not show any significant temporal variation.

The spatial distribution of the total water use is shown in Fig-ure 6. Vertical wells are shown in green, horizontal wells are

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Water Use0

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Drilling and hydraulic fracturing water by well type

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Horizontalwells

Extended horiozontal wells

Figure 7: The distribution of drilling and hydraulic fracturing water use forvertical, horizontal, and extended horizontal wells. The interquartile range isdefined by the blue box, the median is defined by the red line, and outliersextending beyond the 10th and 90th percentile are shown with red pluses.

Table 3: Descriptive statistics for drilling and hydraulic fracturing water useseparated by well type.

Drilling Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontalQ1 62,160 94,500 148,300Q2 74,760 116,300 180,800Q3 89,040 140,700 202,300

IQR 26,880 46,240 54,020Skewness 12 0.97 0.40Kurtosis 240 2.3 0.54

Hydraulic Vertical Horizontal Extended horizontalFracturing

Q1 269,400 2,490,000 6,127,000Q2 278,900 2,792,000 6,517,000Q3 395,000 3,033,000 6,883,000

IQR 125,700 543,000 757,300Skewness 9.2 2.9 -2.1Kurtosis 100 20 5.3

continue to in the future Table 1.The number of hydraulic fracturing stages should be the pri-

mary consideration when estimating the total water use of hor-izontal wells. Figures 2 and 7 show the uncertainty that existswhen making estimates based on the number of wells. Figures3 and 4 show how the total water use can be normalized to thenumber of hydraulic fracturing stages. Basing the total wateruse on the number of hydraulic fracturing stages rather than thenumber of wells will improve the precision and accuracy of fu-ture water demand estimates.

Spatial and temporal variations do not have a strong influenceon the water use for any of the well types. The median total wa-

ter has remained constant or decreased slightly since 2010 forboth vertical and horizontal wells. The majority of wells targetthe Niobrara formation and several vertical wells target multipleformations including the Niobrara. The water use is not statis-tically significant between target formations. Significant spatialautocorrelations do not show any obvious spatial patterns.

The type of hydraulic fracturing fluid influences the volumeof water required to hydraulically fracture a vertical well. Hy-draulic fracturing with slickwater requires nearly two times thewater per hydraulic fracturing distance than using gelled fluids.

It is also important to consider the volume of oil and gasrecovered for each well type when comparing the total wateruse. Water use is often normalized to the amount of energyrecovered with the water and is defined as the water intensity.This measure is an important value to consider for best watermanagement practices. Although extended horizontal wells usethe most water, it is likely they also recover much more oil andgas. An analysis of the water intensity for each well in thefuture will be important to optimizing water management.

This study did not include flowback or produced water es-timates for each well. Flowback is the water that returns tothe surface before production. This water is characterized byhigh solids content and closely resembles the hydraulic frac-turing fluid. Produced water is the water that returns with theoil and gas. This water is characterized by high concentrationsof salts and closely resembles the formation water. E↵orts arebeing made to treat and reuse this water and further reduce thedemands on water resources. As water reuse becomes moreprevalent in the Wattenberg field, the net water use should beconsidered.

The majority of the total water use for horizontal and ex-tended horizontal wells consists of hydraulic fracturing water.This results in large volumes of flowback water from horizon-tal and extended horizontal wells. The impact of water reuse forthese wells becomes much more considerable than with verticalwells.

5. Conclusions

As horizontal wells become more prevalent in the future, wa-ter demand predictions should be based on the number of hy-draulic fracturing stages rather than the number of wells. Thenumber of hydraulic fracturing stages can range from three to45 and the total water use can vary from a few hundred thou-sand gallons up to nearly eight million gallons per well. It isa mistake to simply assume that all of the wells use a specificvolume of water, particularly as the lateral lengths of horizon-tal wells are becoming longer to minimize surface impacts andmaximize hydrocarbon recovery.

References

[1] CWCB, State of colorado 2050 municipal and industrial water use pro-jections, Tech. rep., Colorado Water Conservation Board, Camp Dresserand McKee Inc., Harvey Economics (July 2010).

[2] C. R. B. Roundtable, Y. R. B. Roundtable, Energy development wa-ter needs assessment phase ii, Tech. rep., Colorado Water ConservationBoard (February 2011).

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Drilling and hydraulic fracturing water by well type

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Extended horiozontal wells

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Spatial Distribution of Water Use

1Q: Horizontal wells




1Q: Vertical wells

2Q: Vertical wells

3Q: Vertical wells

4Q: Vertical wells

1Q: Extended horizontal wells




Spatial Autocorrelation

Spatially autocorrelated horizontal wells

Spatially autocorrelated vertical wells

Moran’s I used at 95 percent confidence interval with inverse distance weighting

Total Water Use by Year

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Vertical wells

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Total Water Use Normalized by the Number of Hydraulic Fracturing Stages

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Total Water Use Normalized by the Number of Hydraulic Fracturing Stages

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Ratio of total water use and number of hydraulic fracturing stages

Extended horizontal wells

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Total water use per hydraulic fracturing stage (million gallons)

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How efficiently is the water used?

Water Intensity

Drilling Water


Water

Flowback Water

ProducedWater


Deep Well Injection

Drilling Energy


Energy

Oil Recovered

Gas Recovered

WaterTreatment

WaterReuse

Treatment Energy

Water Intensity



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Water Use per Well (First Study, 2010-2011)

Horizontal Drilling Water

Horizontal Hydraulic Fracturing Water

Vertical Drilling Water Vertical Hydraulic Fracturing Water Total

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0 0 0.06552 0.00672 0.072240 0 0.06552 0.0084 0.073920 0 0.06678 0.00798 0.074760 0 0.06552 0.01722 0.082740 0 0.07644 0.0084 0.084840 0 0.07728 0.00882 0.08610 0 0.07518 0.01176 0.086940 0 0.08106 0.00588 0.086940 0 0.07854 0.0084 0.086940 0 0.07434 0.01302 0.087360 0 0.07896 0.0084 0.087360 0 0.084 0.0042 0.08820 0 0.06951 0.01932 0.088830 0 0.08316 0.00756 0.090720 0 0.08736 0.00882 0.096180 0 0.06972 0.051492 0.1212120 0 0.10857 0.057456 0.1660260 0 0.05712 0.112476 0.1695960 0 0.05586 0.11655 0.172410 0 0.07518 0.11592 0.19110 0 0.05754 0.15162 0.209160 0 0.07518 0.147042 0.2222220 0 0.07182 0.156156 0.2279760 0 0.06552 0.166908 0.2324280 0 0.09009 0.148218 0.2383080 0 0.08883 0.155022 0.2438520 0 0.0462 0.244734 0.2909340 0 0.06552 0.227724 0.2932440 0 0.1806 0.11403 0.294630 0 0.06909 0.22806 0.297150 0 0.063 0.241458 0.3044580 0 0.0357 0.271614 0.3073140 0 0.03738 0.270312 0.3076920 0 0.0336 0.27594 0.309540 0 0.05943 0.251202 0.3106320 0 0.03822 0.273924 0.3121440 0 0.04284 0.271026 0.3138660 0 0.06426 0.250194 0.3144540 0 0.04158 0.273126 0.3147060 0 0.03507 0.27972 0.314790 0 0.03969 0.275898 0.3155880 0 0.08568 0.230202 0.3158820 0 0.0462 0.270312 0.3165120 0 0.04998 0.267834 0.3178140 0 0.04431 0.275478 0.3197880 0 0.05754 0.264138 0.3216780 0 0.06216 0.2604 0.322560 0 0.04956 0.273 0.322560 0 0.0546 0.268254 0.3228540 0 0.05292 0.270186 0.3231060 0 0.04914 0.274848 0.3239880 0 0.0588 0.267456 0.3262560 0 0.04851 0.277872 0.3263820 0 0.05985 0.266994 0.3268440 0 0.0588 0.268716 0.3275160 0 0.07455 0.253806 0.3283560 0 0.0546 0.273966 0.3285660 0 0.0483 0.28098 0.329280 0 0.04662 0.284172 0.3307920 0 0.08043 0.251286 0.3317160 0 0.06216 0.26964 0.33180 0 0.05544 0.276654 0.3320940 0 0.06111 0.271068 0.3321780 0 0.06132 0.271236 0.3325560 0 0.06258 0.27006 0.332640 0 0.03675 0.296016 0.3327660 0 0.063 0.270186 0.3331860 0 0.06552 0.267918 0.3334380 0 0.0252 0.30828 0.333480 0 0.0504 0.283122 0.3335220 0 0.06426 0.269682 0.3339420 0 0.05628 0.277872 0.3341520 0 0.05901 0.276066 0.3350760 0 0.0567 0.278418 0.3351180 0 0.063 0.272412 0.3354120 0 0.06552 0.269976 0.3354960 0 0.0588 0.276906 0.3357060 0 0.06552 0.27048 0.3360 0 0.06552 0.270732 0.3362520 0 0.063 0.273336 0.3363360 0 0.0672 0.269514 0.3367140 0 0.0672 0.269514 0.3367140 0 0.06615 0.27069 0.336840 0 0.05985 0.277116 0.3369660 0 0.06762 0.269346 0.3369660 0 0.06888 0.268506 0.3373860 0 0.06762 0.270144 0.3377640 0 0.06552 0.272286 0.3378060 0 0.071652 0.2667 0.3383520 0 0.06888 0.269556 0.3384360 0 0.04704 0.291522 0.3385620 0 0.0546 0.284214 0.3388140 0 0.0861 0.25284 0.338940 0 0.07014 0.268968 0.3391080 0 0.06888 0.270228 0.3391080 0 0.063 0.276192 0.3391920 0 0.07098 0.268422 0.3394020 0 0.07686 0.262752 0.3396120 0 0.06468 0.274974 0.3396540 0 0.07644 0.263592 0.3400320 0 0.06216 0.27846 0.340620 0 0.063 0.27804 0.341040 0 0.07476 0.266532 0.3412920 0 0.07644 0.265146 0.3415860 0 0.06069 0.281862 0.3425520 0 0.0525 0.290304 0.3428040 0 0.063 0.27993 0.342930 0 0.0735 0.269514 0.3430140 0 0.07329 0.269724 0.3430140 0 0.0672 0.276066 0.3432660 0 0.07287 0.27069 0.343560 0 0.07602 0.26775 0.343770 0 0.07644 0.267456 0.3438960 0 0.07224 0.27174 0.343980 0 0.0651 0.279048 0.3441480 0 0.07497 0.26922 0.344190 0 0.06216 0.282282 0.3444420 0 0.07392 0.270648 0.3445680 0 0.06426 0.281022 0.3452820 0 0.07098 0.27447 0.345450 0 0.06783 0.277662 0.3454920 0 0.063 0.28266 0.345660 0 0.0546 0.29127 0.345870 0 0.0714 0.274932 0.3463320 0 0.06804 0.278712 0.3467520 0 0.06888 0.27804 0.346920 0 0.06006 0.286944 0.3470040 0 0.05964 0.287616 0.3472560 0 0.07182 0.275604 0.3474240 0 0.07098 0.276444 0.3474240 0 0.0693 0.278208 0.3475080 0 0.0714 0.276234 0.3476340 0 0.084 0.263886 0.3478860 0 0.0609 0.287028 0.3479280 0 0.0987 0.249312 0.3480120 0 0.08505 0.26313 0.348180 0 0.0777 0.270606 0.3483060 0 0.07392 0.274386 0.3483060 0 0.08505 0.263676 0.3487260 0 0.0777 0.27174 0.349440 0 0.0756 0.274386 0.3499860 0 0.08505 0.264936 0.3499860 0 0.0777 0.272412 0.3501120 0 0.0714 0.278922 0.3503220 0 0.07224 0.278502 0.3507420 0 0.07056 0.280266 0.3508260 0 0.063 0.287952 0.3509520 0 0.058548 0.292446 0.3509940 0 0.07602 0.275016 0.3510360 0 0.0819 0.269514 0.3514140 0 0.0567 0.295428 0.3521280 0 0.07644 0.27573 0.352170 0 0.08106 0.27132 0.352380 0 0.0735 0.278964 0.3524640 0 0.111174 0.241416 0.352590 0 0.08232 0.270312 0.3526320 0 0.08526 0.267414 0.3526740 0 0.06363 0.289128 0.3527580 0 0.07455 0.278586 0.3531360 0 0.0798 0.273546 0.3533460 0 0.08253 0.27111 0.353640 0 0.0819 0.271782 0.3536820 0 0.07812 0.27573 0.353850 0 0.05565 0.299166 0.3548160 0 0.0798 0.275436 0.3552360 0 0.07896 0.276696 0.3556560 0 0.0714 0.28434 0.355740 0 0.04704 0.308868 0.3559080 0 0.07392 0.28203 0.355950 0 0.0903 0.26586 0.356160 0 0.07854 0.277662 0.3562020 0 0.08904 0.267498 0.3565380 0 0.09114 0.265692 0.3568320 0 0.08589 0.270942 0.3568320 0 0.03948 0.317562 0.3570420 0 0.0672 0.289884 0.3570840 0 0.09639 0.26124 0.357630 0 0.0693 0.288372 0.3576720 0 0.0798 0.278208 0.3580080 0 0.07938 0.278628 0.3580080 0 0.07875 0.2793 0.358050 0 0.06846 0.28959 0.358050 0 0.06846 0.289968 0.3584280 0 0.08988 0.269346 0.3592260 0 0.08904 0.270228 0.3592680 0 0.08232 0.277242 0.3595620 0 0.09198 0.268044 0.3600240 0 0.0672 0.29295 0.360150 0 0.08652 0.273714 0.3602340 0 0.06027 0.300048 0.3603180 0 0.0735 0.28707 0.360570 0 0.09009 0.27111 0.36120 0 0.08337 0.278082 0.3614520 0 0.08883 0.272706 0.3615360 0 0.08169 0.280308 0.3619980 0 0.08568 0.276318 0.3619980 0 0.09093 0.271488 0.3624180 0 0.0987 0.26376 0.362460 0 0.09135 0.271194 0.3625440 0 0.07056 0.292026 0.3625860 0 0.08883 0.273756 0.3625860 0 0.08883 0.273924 0.3627540 0 0.06426 0.29904 0.36330 0 0.09156 0.271908 0.3634680 0 0.05964 0.3045 0.364140 0 0.08568 0.278796 0.3644760 0 0.07518 0.289926 0.3651060 0 0.0714 0.293832 0.3652320 0 0.0756 0.290346 0.3659460 0 0.0756 0.290472 0.3660720 0 0.0945 0.271698 0.3661980 0 0.10248 0.264054 0.3665340 0 0.09786 0.268884 0.3667440 0 0.07308 0.294 0.367080 0 0.08211 0.285264 0.3673740 0 0.10521 0.263172 0.3683820 0 0.06426 0.3045 0.368760 0 0.08358 0.285642 0.3692220 0 0.10668 0.263004 0.3696840 0 0.09576 0.27405 0.369810 0 0.10248 0.26817 0.370650 0 0.063 0.307776 0.3707760 0 0.08904 0.282576 0.3716160 0 0.0714 0.300342 0.3717420 0 0.07182 0.300762 0.3725820 0 0.0966 0.276528 0.3731280 0 0.09429 0.27972 0.374010 0 0.0966 0.277662 0.3742620 0 0.08358 0.290976 0.3745560 0 0.06384 0.310968 0.3748080 0 0.0798 0.296982 0.3767820 0 0.089082 0.288162 0.3772440 0 0.105 0.272328 0.3773280 0 0.07224 0.305424 0.3776640 0 0.10164 0.27783 0.379470 0 0.08925 0.291606 0.3808560 0 0.0756 0.305466 0.3810660 0 0.10899 0.27216 0.381150 0 0.0672 0.314244 0.3814440 0 0.09282 0.288792 0.3816120 0 0.0903 0.292194 0.3824940 0 0.09387 0.288708 0.3825780 0 0.11025 0.274848 0.3850980 0 0.09156 0.293538 0.3850980 0 0.0714 0.313782 0.3851820 0 0.07644 0.309582 0.3860220 0 0.11634 0.272076 0.3884160 0 0.08295 0.305676 0.3886260 0 0.09471 0.294084 0.3887940 0 0.084 0.304878 0.3888780 0 0.12306 0.267876 0.3909360 0 0.09828 0.294042 0.3923220 0 0.11424 0.278712 0.3929520 0 0.08064 0.313698 0.3943380 0 0.063 0.331422 0.3944220 0 0.09324 0.301644 0.3948840 0 0.0777 0.31773 0.395430 0 0.0924 0.30492 0.397320 0 0.12894 0.269304 0.3982440 0 0.12768 0.270732 0.3984120 0 0.047838 0.350742 0.398580 0 0.10395 0.29505 0.3990 0 0.06552 0.337008 0.4025280 0 0.13566 0.26754 0.40320 0 0.09828 0.306306 0.4045860 0 0.1323 0.273714 0.4060140 0 0.097734 0.308616 0.406350 0 0.09912 0.308784 0.4079040 0 0.05565 0.352296 0.4079460 0 0.07098 0.337008 0.4079880 0 0.10311 0.306726 0.4098360 0 0.105 0.30492 0.409920 0 0.09597 0.314832 0.4108020 0 0.10647 0.30744 0.413910 0 0.07854 0.33579 0.414330 0 0.003108 0.412734 0.4158420 0 0.14637 0.270774 0.4171440 0 0.1134 0.304584 0.4179840 0 0.10227 0.316218 0.4184880 0 0.1239 0.298326 0.4222260 0 0.11508 0.314496 0.4295760 0 0.12516 0.308154 0.4333140 0 0.063 0.375396 0.4383960 0 0.10668 0.338646 0.4453260 0 0.06804 0.384888 0.4529280 0 0.07224 0.382872 0.4551120 0 0.04662 0.411306 0.4579260 0 0.13986 0.31815 0.458010 0 0.06762 0.391272 0.4588920 0 0.09744 0.364476 0.4619160 0 0.05964 0.402654 0.4622940 0 0.06804 0.394842 0.4628820 0 0.05208 0.41622 0.46830 0 0.06825 0.40131 0.469560 0 0.05124 0.418488 0.4697280 0 0.05166 0.418152 0.4698120 0 0.06174 0.408744 0.4704840 0 0.07917 0.395136 0.4743060 0 0.0546 0.421638 0.4762380 0 0.06636 0.41034 0.47670 0 0.06615 0.41223 0.478380 0 0.06174 0.417018 0.4787580 0 0.06048 0.418782 0.4792620 0 0.0777 0.40173 0.479430 0 0.06216 0.4179 0.480060 0 0.07644 0.406476 0.4829160 0 0.0609 0.422142 0.4830420 0 0.06468 0.418446 0.4831260 0 0.06258 0.421176 0.4837560 0 0.06048 0.424074 0.4845540 0 0.06846 0.418362 0.4868220 0 0.07182 0.41811 0.489930 0 0.07644 0.413742 0.4901820 0 0.07875 0.411936 0.4906860 0 0.07014 0.420756 0.4908960 0 0.11634 0.375396 0.4917360 0 0.05943 0.433062 0.4924920 0 0.06468 0.427812 0.4924920 0 0.0735 0.419958 0.4934580 0 0.06216 0.431382 0.4935420 0 0.0819 0.411726 0.4936260 0 0.07896 0.41475 0.493710 0 0.07518 0.41895 0.494130 0 0.07644 0.417816 0.4942560 0 0.0714 0.42294 0.494340 0 0.07686 0.417858 0.4947180 0 0.09135 0.40341 0.494760 0 0.07245 0.422646 0.4950960 0 0.07938 0.415968 0.4953480 0 0.0693 0.426132 0.4954320 0 0.07854 0.417144 0.4956840 0 0.07812 0.418236 0.4963560 0 0.1344 0.362796 0.4971960 0 0.07518 0.4221 0.497280 0 0.06342 0.43449 0.497910 0 0.07854 0.419496 0.4980360 0 0.0756 0.424284 0.4998840 0 0.08862 0.41223 0.500850 0 0.07014 0.43176 0.50190 0 0.0861 0.415968 0.5020680 0 0.08358 0.419622 0.5032020 0 0.08904 0.414372 0.5034120 0 0.06951 0.434196 0.5037060 0 0.0777 0.426426 0.5041260 0 0.0714 0.43302 0.504420 0 0.063 0.441462 0.5044620 0 0.0945 0.410466 0.5049660 0 0.09345 0.411642 0.5050920 0 0.07665 0.429996 0.5066460 0 0.08484 0.42336 0.50820 0 0.0798 0.428442 0.5082420 0 0.07854 0.43008 0.508620 0 0.09597 0.416304 0.5122740 0 0.07938 0.43323 0.512610 0 0.07686 0.436548 0.5134080 0 0.08946 0.425628 0.5150880 0 0.09219 0.424578 0.5167680 0 0.07308 0.444192 0.5172720 0 0.0945 0.425208 0.5197080 0 0.1092 0.41118 0.520380 0 0.10311 0.417732 0.5208420 0 0.09471 0.427308 0.5220180 0 0.0945 0.42798 0.522480 0 0.0672 0.456624 0.5238240 0 0.08862 0.435666 0.5242860 0 0.09282 0.432096 0.5249160 0 0.08358 0.442386 0.5259660 0 0.10059 0.42714 0.527730 0 0.1071 0.42693 0.534030 0 0.09702 0.444318 0.5413380 0 0.0777 0.46368 0.541380 0 0.1029 0.440202 0.5431020 0 0.05313 0.496398 0.5495280 0 0.12915 0.427098 0.5562480 0 0.07392 0.486108 0.5600280 0 0.09156 0.482958 0.5745180 0 0.05418 0.520422 0.5746020 0 0.126 0.4515 0.57750 0 0.12516 0.460908 0.5860680 0 0.08421 0.506142 0.5903520 0 0.06741 0.52626 0.593670 0 0.09954 0.508368 0.6079080 0 0.07728 0.537726 0.6150060 0 0.09555 0.526554 0.6221040 0 0.11088 0.525924 0.6368040 0 0.08904 0.571242 0.660282

0.13902 0.573594 0 0 0.7126140.15792 0.76692 0 0 0.924840.0714 0.997962 0 0 1.0693620.14763 1.43283 0 0 1.580460.09324 1.567062 0 0 1.6603020.12327 1.593312 0 0 1.7165820.09954 1.878156 0 0 1.9776960.1869 1.886556 0 0 2.0734560.08064 2.083452 0 0 2.1640920.13188 2.036916 0 0 2.1687960.0987 2.125872 0 0 2.2245720.18354 2.127888 0 0 2.3114280.09891 2.276022 0 0 2.3749320.17514 2.216844 0 0 2.3919840.09681 2.391648 0 0 2.4884580.12684 2.377452 0 0 2.5042920.11466 2.416806 0 0 2.5314660.08757 2.46708 0 0 2.554650.08253 2.499 0 0 2.581530.13629 2.528106 0 0 2.6643960.140868 2.52609 0 0 2.6669580.12474 2.617188 0 0 2.7419280.04998 2.706858 0 0 2.7568380.09534 2.679096 0 0 2.7744360.11949 2.657928 0 0 2.7774180.11424 2.675694 0 0 2.7899340.07917 2.747262 0 0 2.8264320.26208 2.632056 0 0 2.8941360.1071 2.861838 0 0 2.9689380.11676 2.871078 0 0 2.9878380.17094 2.817066 0 0 2.9880060.11025 2.890986 0 0 3.0012360.0861 2.933196 0 0 3.0192960.29043 2.767968 0 0 3.0583980.10668 2.989392 0 0 3.0960720.1596 2.954616 0 0 3.1142160.13188 3.011526 0 0 3.1434060.1113 3.03366 0 0 3.144960.117768 3.064908 0 0 3.1826760.09912 3.100902 0 0 3.2000220.14742 3.060288 0 0 3.2077080.11508 3.108588 0 0 3.2236680.1491 3.08973 0 0 3.238830.083454 3.175368 0 0 3.2588220.13524 3.14748 0 0 3.282720.20097 3.115014 0 0 3.3159840.20958 3.154074 0 0 3.3636540.14196 3.22875 0 0 3.370710.13818 3.239376 0 0 3.3775560.13146 3.29448 0 0 3.425940.11256 3.331986 0 0 3.4445460.14217 3.318 0 0 3.460170.0714 3.592974 0 0 3.6643740.14847 3.54291 0 0 3.691380.13041 3.72834 0 0 3.858750.09387 3.83103 0 0 3.92490.14868 3.789954 0 0 3.9386340.105 4.245822 0 0 4.3508220.16044 4.432974 0 0 4.593414

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(mill

ion

gal

lon

s)

Noble Well Water Consumption Ranking

Horizontal Drilling WaterHorizontal Hydraulic Fracturing WaterVertical Drilling WaterVertical Hydraulic Fracturing Water

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Horizontal Drilling Horizontal Frac Vertical Drilling Vertical Frac

Wat

er C

onsu

med

(milli

on g

allon

s)

Student Version of MATLAB

(Gallons)

Drilling Water Hydraulic Fracturing Water Total Water

(Gallons)(Gallons)(Gallons)Horizontal

WellVertical

Well

129,000 2,720,000 2,840,000

76,800 305,000 382,000

445 NOBLE WELLS: 386 VERTICAL AND 59 HORIZONTAL

16

17

18

Water and Energy Consumption

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Drilling Water Hydraulic Fracturing Water Total Water

Wat

er C

onsu

med

(MM

gal)

Water Use for Sampled Wells

Student Version of MATLAB

Water Intensity

Drilling Water


Water

Flowback Water

ProducedWater


Deep Well Injection

Drilling Energy


Energy

Oil Recovered

Gas Recovered

WaterTreatment

WaterReuse

Treatment Energy

Water Intensity



=

Estimated Ultimate Recovery

Oil Production

(bbls)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8

0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 49230 52340 53630 54360 54850 55190 554500 114580 161720 196880 225980 251270 273890 2944900 209560 297020 362300 416330 463290 505280 545550

Gas Production

(mcf)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 175310 188140 193510 196580 198610 200060 2011600 258790 276460 283840 288050 290820 292810 2943200 583900 833900 1020700 1175400 1309800 1430100 15397000 930400 1399700 1754400 2049600 2306800 2537300 2747600

Gas Production

(boe)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 43132 46077 47307 48008 48470 48802 490530 97317 138983 170117 195900 218300 238350 2566170 155067 233283 292400 341600 384467 422883 457933

Oil Production

(bbls) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 18190 19700 20340 20690 20940 21100 212300 65350 109380 143250 171620 196420 218700 2390400 94980 135300 165420 190350 212020 231390 251060

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Oil EUR of Sampled Wells

Estim

ated

Ulti

mat

e R

ecov

ery

(BO

E)

Well Lifespan (Years)

Gas Production

(boe) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 13913 14720 15055 15245 15368 15458 155270 54185 92907 122810 147892 169830 189548 2075630 57750 94300 122283 145700 166167 184533 201317

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Gas EUR of Sampled Wells


Percentile Total Energy (BOE)

5th50th95th

337564664


5th50th95th

1945228

0

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

Total Energy (BOE)

Ener

gy U

se (B

OE)

Energy Use for Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing

Water Production

(bbls)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300

Water Production

(gallons)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600

Water Production

(gallons) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 1999200 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 17610600

0

1,200,000

2,400,000

3,600,000

4,800,000

6,000,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Flowback and Produced Water EUR of Sampled Wells

Flow

back

and

Pro

duce

d W

ater

(Gal

lons

)


Flowback and Produced (gallons)

Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


132678 289758 291858 292698 293538 293538 293958 293958132678 324198 330498 329658 328818 333018 332598 332598132678 1898778 2680818 3269658 3756858 4175598 4553598 4811478132678 7346178 10054338 12069498 13732698 15182958 16476558 17743278

Net Water Use (100%

reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 28265582987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -19662762

Water Production

(bbls) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300

Water Production

(bbls) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600

Net Water Use (50%

reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 29071982987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -8337462

Net Water Use (100%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627622987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 2826558

Net Water Use (100%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627620 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 176106000 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 199920

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Net Water Use with 100 Percent Reuse


Net Water Use (50%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374622987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 2907198

Net Water Use (50%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374620 3606750 4960830 5968410 6800010 7525140 8171940 88053000 883050 1274070 1568490 1812090 2021460 2210460 23394000 95760 98910 98490 98070 100170 99960 99960

-3,000,000

-2,250,000

-1,500,000

-750,000

0

750,000

1,500,000

2,250,000

3,000,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Net

Wat

er U

se (G

allo

ns)

Well Lifespan (Years)Total Energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


8.3 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.45.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.82.4 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.91.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 4 4 4 4 41 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 0 0 03 3 4 4 4 4 43 3 3 3 3 3 3

-2

0

2

4

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Estimated Water Intensity (0% Water Reuse)

Wat

er In

tens

ity (g

al/M

MB

tu)


Water Intensity

(100% Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


7.9 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.04.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.20.7 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6-2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


3 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 54 3 3 3 3 3 3-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -34 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 53 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Total (MMBtu) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8

0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307

Water Neutrality Water Neutrality


Water Intensity (50%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


8.3 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.25.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.52.4 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.21.4 -0.5 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3

19

20

21

Estimated Ultimate Water Recovery

Oil Production

(bbls)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 49230 52340 53630 54360 54850 55190 554500 114580 161720 196880 225980 251270 273890 2944900 209560 297020 362300 416330 463290 505280 545550

Gas Production

(mcf)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 175310 188140 193510 196580 198610 200060 2011600 258790 276460 283840 288050 290820 292810 2943200 583900 833900 1020700 1175400 1309800 1430100 15397000 930400 1399700 1754400 2049600 2306800 2537300 2747600

Gas Production

(boe)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 43132 46077 47307 48008 48470 48802 490530 97317 138983 170117 195900 218300 238350 2566170 155067 233283 292400 341600 384467 422883 457933

Oil Production

(bbls) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 31040 32640 33290 33670 33910 34090 342200 18190 19700 20340 20690 20940 21100 212300 65350 109380 143250 171620 196420 218700 2390400 94980 135300 165420 190350 212020 231390 251060

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Oil EUR of Sampled Wells

Estim

ated

Ulti

mat

e R

ecov

ery

(BO

E)Well Lifespan (Years)

Gas Production

(boe) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 29218 31357 32252 32763 33102 33343 335270 13913 14720 15055 15245 15368 15458 155270 54185 92907 122810 147892 169830 189548 2075630 57750 94300 122283 145700 166167 184533 201317

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Gas EUR of Sampled Wells



5th50th95th

337564664


5th50th95th

1945228

0

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

Total Energy (BOE)

Ener

gy U

se (B

OE)

Energy Use for Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing

Water Production

(bbls)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300

Water Production

(gallons)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600

Water Production

(gallons) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 1999200 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 17610600

0

1,200,000

2,400,000

3,600,000

4,800,000

6,000,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Flowback and Produced Water EUR of Sampled Wells

Flow

back

and

Pro

duce

d W

ater

(Gal

lons

)


Flowback and Produced (gallons)

Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


132678 289758 291858 292698 293538 293538 293958 293958132678 324198 330498 329658 328818 333018 332598 332598132678 1898778 2680818 3269658 3756858 4175598 4553598 4811478132678 7346178 10054338 12069498 13732698 15182958 16476558 17743278

Net Water Use (100%

reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 28265582987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -19662762

Water Production

(bbls) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 3740 3790 3810 3830 3830 3840 38400 8300 8500 8500 8500 8600 8600 86000 50350 69170 83190 94790 104860 113860 1200000 222100 305400 367400 418600 463200 503000 539300

Water Production

(bbls) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 157080 159180 160020 160860 160860 161280 1612800 348600 357000 357000 357000 361200 361200 3612000 2114700 2905140 3493980 3981180 4404120 4782120 50400000 9328200 12826800 15430800 17581200 19454400 21126000 22650600

Net Water Use (50%

reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 29071982987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -8337462

Net Water Use (100%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627622987838 873138 82698 -506142 -993342 -1416282 -1794282 -20521622987838 2639238 2630838 2630838 2630838 2626638 2626638 26266382987838 2830758 2828658 2827818 2826978 2826978 2826558 2826558

Net Water Use (100%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -6340362 -9838962 -12442962 -14593362 -16466562 -18138162 -196627620 7213500 9921660 11936820 13600020 15050280 16343880 176106000 1766100 2548140 3136980 3624180 4042920 4420920 46788000 191520 197820 196980 196140 200340 199920 199920

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Net Water Use (50%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374622987838 1930488 1535268 1240848 997248 785778 596778 4678382987838 2813538 2809338 2809338 2809338 2807238 2807238 28072382987838 2909298 2908248 2907828 2907408 2907408 2907198 2907198

Net Water Use (50%

reuse) Sectioned

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


2987838 -1676262 -3425562 -4727562 -5802762 -6739362 -7575162 -83374620 3606750 4960830 5968410 6800010 7525140 8171940 88053000 883050 1274070 1568490 1812090 2021460 2210460 23394000 95760 98910 98490 98070 100170 99960 99960

-3,000,000

-2,250,000

-1,500,000

-750,000

0

750,000

1,500,000

2,250,000

3,000,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Net

Wat

er U

se (G

allo

ns)

Well Lifespan (Years)Total Energy 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


8.3 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.45.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.82.4 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.91.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 4 4 4 4 41 1 1 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 0

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 0 0 03 3 4 4 4 4 43 3 3 3 3 3 3

-2

0

2

4

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Wat

er In

tens

ity (g

al/M

MB

tu)


Water Intensity

(100% Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


7.9 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.04.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.20.7 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6-2.9 -3.1 -3.2 -3.2 -3.3 -3.3 -3.3

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


3 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 54 3 3 3 3 3 3-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3

Water Intensity (0%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -34 3 3 3 3 3 34 4 5 5 5 5 53 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Total (MMBtu) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Low b=0.6Median b=0.6Median b=1.8High b=1.8

0 359981 382443 391732 397090 400568 403102 4049860 551103 587279 602337 610892 616578 620593 6236510 1263689 1793659 2189287 2516826 2801435 3056087 32880430 2169569 3158467 3901126 4517475 5053820 5533937 5983307



Water Intensity (50%

Reuse)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


8.3 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.25.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.52.4 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.21.4 -0.5 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3

How does the water intensity compare?

0

15

30

45

60

Sur

face

Min

ing

Und

ergr

ound

Min

ing

U.S

. Wei

ghte

d A

vera

ge

Pre

para

tion

Syn

fuel

: Coa

l Gas

ific

atio

n

Syn

fuel

: Fis

her T

rops

ch

Con

vent

iona

l

Nor

ther

n C

olor

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Sha

le G

as (0

% R

euse

)

Nor

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olor

ado

Sha

le G

as (5

0% R

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)

Nor

ther

n C

olor

ado

Sha

le G

as (1

00%

Reu

se)

Pre

para

tion

Gas

-to-

Liq

uids

Pri

mar

y

Con

vent

iona

l Flo

odin

g

Sau

di A

rabi

a A

vera

ge

Oil

San

ds

Oil

Sha

le

U.S

. On-

Sho

re A

vera

ge

Enh

ance

d O

il R

ecov

ery

Con

vent

iona

l Ref

inin

g

Oil

Sha

le P

roce

ssin

g

Oil

San

ds P

roce

ssin

g

Min

ing

Enr

ichm

ent

Extraction and Processing Water Intensity by Fuel Source

Con

sum

ptiv

e W

ater

Int

ensi

ty (g

al/M

MB

tu)

Surface MiningUnderground MiningU.S. Weighted Average

PreparationSynfuel: Coal GasificationSynfuel: Fisher Tropsch

ConventionalNorthern Colorado Shale Gas (0% Reuse)Northern Colorado Shale Gas (50% Reuse)Northern Colorado Shale Gas (100% Reuse)

PreparationGas-to-Liquids

PrimaryConventional FloodingSaudi Arabia AverageOil SandsOil ShaleU.S. On-Shore Average Enhanced Oil Recovery

Conventional Refining Oil Shale ProcessingOil Sands Processing

MiningEnrichment

29

2.8

3.519

51

1.52.9

2.4

1.8

142

1.5142235395858

103948

3.56

Ethanol from Irrigated CornExtraction: 16,000

Processing: 60

Biodiesel from SoyExtraction: 45,000Processing: 300

Biodiesel from RapeseedExtraction: 16,000

Processing: 300

Coal OilNatural Gas

Extraction Processing

UraniumExtraction Processing Extraction Processing

Wind (Turbine)0

Solar (Photovoltaic)0

22

23

24

Water Consumption of Energy Resource Extraction, Processing, and Conversion

reserve estimates ranging from 2.1 to 6.7 MMBtu (2.0 to 6.5 BCF) per well, giving a company-wide range of 0.6 to 1.8 gal/MMBtu (See Table 2-2). (Chesapeake Energy 2010)

Table 2-2: Estimates of water consumption for different shale plays (Chesapeake Energy 2010)

Water consumption per well (million gal) Gas reserves per well Waterintensity

Shale play Drilling Hydraulic

FracturingTotal BCF MMBtu

(million) gal/MMBtu

Barnett 0.3 3.8 4.1 2.7 2.7 1.5 Fayetteville 0.1 4.0 4.1 2.4 2.5 1.7 Haynesville 0.6 5.0 5.6 6.5 6.7 0.8 Marcellus 0.1 5.5 5.6 4.2 4.3 1.3 Typical min 1.0 3.5 4.5 6.5 6.7 0.6 Typical max 0.1 3.5 3.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 Average 1.3

The estimates are specific to one company’s operations (i.e. Chesapeake Energy) and reflect typical water-intensity across its asset portfolio, not necessarily a representative range of water-intensity for the industry as a whole. But alternative estimates for Marcellus and Barnett provide comfort that the order of magnitude is appropriate, especially in the context of comparable water-intensity of alternative fossil fuels.

Marcellus data The U.S. Geological Survey published a factsheet on water issues relating to the Marcellus shale gas developments (Soeder and Kappel 2009), summarized in Table 2-4. The USGS estimates show a similar average water-intensity to the Chesapeake Energy data, at 1.2 and 1.3 gal/MMBtu respectively, albeit with lower water-consumption per well and lower estimated recoverable reserves per well (roughly half the Chesapeake Energy estimates).

Table 2-3: USGS estimates for Marcellus shale (2009) Reserves per well (BCF) 2.5 Reserves per well (million MMBtu) 2.6 Hydraulic fracturing (million gal) 3.0 Average (gal/MMBtu) 1.2

The Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) regulates water access for a significant portion of the Marcellus shale, covering parts of Pennsylvania, New York, and Maryland. The SRBC estimated in January of 2010 that a typical Marcellus shale stimulation uses between four and seven million gal of water over a two to five-day period, with about 15% of the water flowing back to the surface in the first two months (Susquehanna River Basin Commission 2010), comparable to the Chesapeake estimates. However, based on actual data from approximately 200 wells drilled between June 2008 and March 2009, the SRBC estimates that the average well

18

Water Intensity Comparison

Source: E. Mielke, L. D. Anadon, and V. Narayanamurti. Water consumption of energy resource extraction, processing, and conversion. Discussion Paper 2010-15, Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, October 2010.

Water Intensity Comparison

Source: Chesapeake Energy. Water use in deep shale gas exploration. Fact Sheet, September 2011.

Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureIGCC: Wet TowerIGCC: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture

Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Once-Through CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Dry CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Cooling PondCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet TowerCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture

Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingCooling PondWet Tower

Parabolic Troughs: Wet CoolingParabolic Troughs: Dry CoolingTower: Wet CoolingU.S. Weighted Average of Large-Scale Concentrating Solar PowerDish: Stirling CyclePhotovoltaicsConcentrated Solar Photovoltaics

Wind

315405420

15369

330

760500

115

195

190

15

240

130

500

415575590

15680850

910

80

820800

1022

0

0

250

500

750

1000

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Electricity Generation Water Intensity by Fuel Source

Con

sum

ptiv

e W

ater

Int

ensi

ty (g

al/M

Wh)

Coal Natural Gas Uranium Solar Wind

GeothermalElectricity Generation: 3,600

HydropowerElectricity Generation: 4,500

25

26

27

Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop CoolingIGCC: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureIGCC: Wet TowerIGCC: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture

Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Once-Through CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Closed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Dry CoolingCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Cooling PondCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet TowerCombined-Cycle Gas Turbine: Wet Tower with Carbon Capture

Once-Through CoolingClosed-Loop CoolingClosed-Loop Cooling with Carbon CaptureDry CoolingCooling PondWet Tower

Parabolic Troughs: Wet CoolingParabolic Troughs: Dry CoolingTower: Wet CoolingU.S. Weighted Average of Large-Scale Concentrating Solar PowerDish: Stirling CyclePhotovoltaicsConcentrated Solar Photovoltaics

Wind

35030480420

30389

376

750620

13780

260

217

30

150

560

42530830590

30800950

910

80

820800

1022

0

0

12500

25000

37500

50000

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Electricity Generation Water Intensity by Fuel Source

Wit

hdra

wn

Wat

er I

nten

sity

(gal

/MW

h)

Coal Natural Gas Uranium Solar Wind

GeothermalElectricity Generation: 3,600

Coal Oil Natural Gas Solar and Wind

Biofuels

Electric Vehicle (PHEV/EV): Wind an PhotovoltaicBiodiesel from Nonirrigated SoybeansCNG using Natural Gas for CompressionHydrogen Fuel Cell with Electrolysis via Wind and PhotovoltaicHydrogen from Natural GasCNG using Electricity for CompressionDieselGasolineElectric Vehicle (PHEV/EV): U.S. GridPlug-In Hybrid Electric VehicleEthanol from Nonirrigated CornOil Shale GasolineSyn Diesel from Natural GasElectric VehicleOil Shale GasolineHydrogen Fuel Cell with Electrolysis via U.S. GridSyn Diesel from CoalHydrogen via Electrolysis

0.1

1.5

3

4.3

6

6.5

810.5

21.3

24

25

2627.5

3233

38.3

38.542

0

12.5

25

37.5

50

Ele

ctri

c Ve

hicl

e (P

HE

V/E

V):

Win

d an

Pho

tovo

ltai

c

Bio

dies

el fr

om N

onir

riga

ted

Soy

bean

s

CN

G u

sing

Nat

ural

Gas

for

Com

pres

sion

Hyd

roge

n F

uel C

ell w

ith

Ele

ctro

lysi

s vi

a W

ind

and

Pho

tovo

ltai

c

Hyd

roge

n fr

om N

atur

al G

as

CN

G u

sing

Ele

ctri

city

for

Com

pres

sion

Die

sel

Gas

olin

e

Ele

ctri

c Ve

hicl

e (P

HE

V/E

V):

U.S

. Gri

d

Plu

g-In

Hyb

rid

Ele

ctri

c Ve

hicl

e

Eth

anol

from

Non

irri

gate

d C

orn

Oil

Sha

le G

asol

ine

Syn

Die

sel f

rom

Nat

ural

Gas

Ele

ctri

c Ve

hicl

e

Oil

Sha

le G

asol

ine

Hyd

roge

n F

uel C

ell w

ith

Ele

ctro

lysi

s vi

a U

.S. G

rid

Syn

Die

sel f

rom

Coa

l

Hyd

roge

n vi

a E

lect

roly

sis

CoalOilNatural GasSolar and WindBiofuels

Con

sum

ptiv

e W

ater

Int

ensi

ty (g

allo

ns p

er 1

00 m

iles

driv

en)

Water Intensity of TransportationCarey W. King and Michael E. WebberEnvironmental Science and Tehcnology 2008 42 (21), 7866-7872

Stephen [email protected] of Civil and Environmental EngineeringColorado State Universitycewc.colostate.edu

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Water Use Analysis & Water Intensity Comparison